Изолационни лакове

<Î>PHU PACKOn
uHMcenep-asentHuK no eMKmp0U30MifU0HHa mexHuna
M30J1A1ÌM0HHM J1AKOBE
PTjKOBO/ICTBO 3A FIPAKTHHECKO H3nOJ13yBAHE
HA CbBPEMEHHHTE EJIEKTP0H30JIAUH0HHH JIAKOBE
B
EJIEKTPHMECKHTE MAIUHHH, TPAHC^OPMATOPHTE
H
CHJIHOTOKOBHTE AflAPATYPH
ripeBeJ OT H6MCKH
HH«. rienvbp Jlunanoe
Ä'bPW.ABHO M3ÄATE.nCTBO „TEXHMKA*
C04>MH * 1958

Fritz Raskop
JSOLIERLACKFIBEL
Technischer Verlag Herbert Gram. Berlin W 35
1955

y BOÄ
Ílpe3 NOCJIEFL,HHTe rojjHHH HacT-biiH T3KT>B npe^OM B pa3BHTHCTO
Ha BaÄHaTa cneuna^Ha oó^acT Ha e;ieKTp0H30JiauH0HHHTe jiaKOBe,
KOHTO H3HCKB3 H3jaBaHeTO HA EFLHO ^eCHOÄOCT-bnHO CneUHa^HO
ptKOBoacTBO c oivie/t Ha ycneuiHOTo npH^araHe Ha T63h jiaKOBe.
HacToamaTa ópouiypa TpnÓBa fla OTroBopn Ha TOBa H3HCKBâHe.
TH e npeAHa3HaieHa npe^HMHO 3a UIHPOKHH Kptr Ha noTpeénTe-
JIHTe B pa3JIHMHHT6 OTfleJIH Ha eJieKTpOTeXHHKaTa, HO OCOÖeHO 3a
cneuHajiHCTHTe, KOHTO HM3T paôoîa HenocpeacTBeHo c npaKTHMe-
CKOTO npn^OÄeHHe Ha H30Jiaim0HHHTe JiaKOBe npH npOH3BOflCTBOTO
Ha eJieKTpHqecKH MauiHHH, TpaHC<})opMaTopH H CHAHOTOKOBH ana-
paTypH.
B c^eÄBaiiiOTO H3Jio>KeHHe, npe^Ha3HaMeHO 3a cneiiHaJiHCTHTe,
me ce H3xo»aa OT npeanocTaBKaTa, qe ÜPOHSBOÄCTBOTO Ha e;ieK-
Tp0H30^auH0HHH ;iatcoBe e paóoTa Ha XHMHK3, cneiwa;iH3Hpa;i ce
B T33H OÖ^acT, HO Me Bee naK 3a ycneiiiHOTO npHJiaraHe Ha Te3H
jiaKOBe OT CTpaHa HA noTpeÔHTe^HTe e Heo6xoanMO H3BCCTHO no3-
HaBaHe Ha CTpyKTypaTa Ha cypoBHH MaTepnaJi H Ha npoH3THia-
IllHTe OTTyK OCOÓeHOCTH Ha paSJIHMHHTe BHÄOBe ¿iaKOBe.
B noc^eflHO BpeMe xHMHara, 3aHHMaBama ce c JISKOBHTC cypo-
BHHH, Cb3ftafle rOíIHM 6pOH HOBH, npeflHMHO CHHTeTHHHH CypOBHHH,
C NOHQUXTA HA KOHTO 6e NOCTHRHAT 3A6E^EK«TE^EH HARIPEFL-BK B
oó^acTTa Ha H30;iauH0HHHTe ;iaKOBe. 3a aa MOJKe Ä3 ce BT>3noji-
3yBa OT npoH3THiamHTe orryic KanecTBeHH npe^HMCTBa, 3a nóTpe-
ÓHTe^a e HeoöxoAHMo Aa npoHHKHe n0-ÄT>Ji60K0, OTKO^KOTO so-
cera, B oöjiacTTa Ha H3o;iaunoHHHTe aaKOBe. B Henocpe^cTBeHa
Bp"b3Ka c TOBa ce pa3rjie>KflaT pa3JiHMHHTe MCTOÄH Ha npHJio)Ke-
HHe, K3KT0 H HHCT3JiauHHTe 3a HMnperHHpaHe H cyuieHe ci>06pa3H0
c npaKTHqecKHH OIIHT. CaMO ue^eci>06pa3H0T0 NPHIIOÄEHHE Ha
3

H30;iauH0HHHTe jiaKOBe h HeoòxoflHMHTe HHCTa^auHH 3a TOBa no3-
BOJIHB3T aa ce nocTHrHe e^HH mwiHOueHeH KpaeH ycnex, kim
KOHTO ce CTpeMHT eflHaKBO K3KTO npOH3BOAHTe^HT, TaKa H no-
TpeÓHTe^HT.
B T03H cMHCb/I HHe ce HaflHBaMe, He HacTcmmaTa öpouiypa me
H3mb^iHH CBoeTo npeflHa3HaqeHHe. TH TpaÖBa na 6-bp,e cbeflHHH-
TejiHOTO 3BeHo Meac^y np0H3B0AHTejis H noTpeÓHTeJia H aa oTro-
BOPH Ha npo(J)ecHOHajiHHTe B-bnpocH, KOHTO OQAKBAT HCHOTO CH
oöacHeHHe no M>TH Ha onHTa B HHTepeca H HA ÄBete CTpaHH.
4

Pa3fleJi I
OEIIJM BEJ1EMÍKM
KpaTT>K nperjiej, Ha pa3BHTHCTO Ha ejieKTpoHsojiaijHOHHHTe
jiaKOBe AO AHeuiHOTO cbCTOHHHe Ha HMnpeniauHOHHaTa TCXHHK&
BTJB BPIJ3KA C H3PAÖ0TBAHET0 HA RCBPBATA ÄHHAMOE^EKTPHHECKA
MaiiiHHa OT 4>HpMaTa CHMCHC C-ne Xa^CKe —. Bep;IHH, H30^auH0HHH
jiaKOBe ce
npHJiaraT B e^eKTpoManiHHOCTpoeHeTo oine OT 1866 r.
fio oHOBa BpeMe ce e Kacaejio 3a iuejuiaKOBe, KOHTO ca 6HJIH no-
jiyqaBaHH OT no3HaTHH jnocnecT iuejiJiaK (TBT>PAH Tejía) H cimpT
(pa3TBopHTe;i H pa3peAHTe.n1) H AHec Bee ome ce H3noJi3yBaT 3a
Apyra uejin (noJiHTypn H AP-)-
ToraBauiHaTa npnmiHa 3a H3noji3yßaHe Ha Te3H H30JiauH0HHH
JiaKOBe H ÄO AHec He ce e npoMeHHJia CbiuecTBeHO. HiunperHHpa-
HeTo Ha ÓOÓHHHTE Ha e^eKTpn^ecKHTe M3IIIHHH TpnÔBauie Aa npHAaAe
Ha cnocoÔHHTe Aa norjn>maT ^ana MaTepHajiH (H30JinpaHe Ha npo-
BOAHHUHTe, H30JiHpaHe Ha Te^aTa — npemnaH, xapTHH, naMyK, jieH)
H3BecTHa nocTOHHHa BjiaroycTOHHHBOCT H c TOBa no-Aoópa Hsojia-
UHOHHá CTOHHOCT, K3KT0 H IIO-3ApaBO MexaHHIHO CB"bp3BaHe Ha
CHonoBeTe npoBOAHHUH (Aoôpo H3nH^aHe).
npaKTHqecKOTO npHJioaceHHe Ha me^/iaK-H30^ai;H0HHHTe JiaKOBe
6eme MHoro npocTO. BOÓHHHTC ce noTanaxa B JiaKOBa ôaHH H ce
H3cyiuaBaxa Ha BT>3Ayx UNU npn yMepeHa TeMnepaTypa.
AKO no OHOBA BPEME TE3H H30;iauH0HHH- JIAKOBE oTroBapnxa na
H3HCKBaHHHTa, TOBA CE AT^H Ha CPABHHTEJIHO M3J1KHTC nOCTOHHHH
HANPE)KEHHH HA REHEPATOPHTE H KOHCYMATOPHTE (65-J- 110 BOJITÜ,
NO-K-bCHO 220 BORNA) H Ha MajiKHTe 3a AHeiuHHTe pa3ÔHpaHHH
eKcnjioaTaijHOHHH N3HCKBAHHH, KOHTO ce NOCTABHXA ToraBa no
OT-
«orneHHe HA NP0H3B0AHTE.MI0CTTA H NPOAT^IJKHTE^HOCTTA HA JKHBOT3
Ha MauiHHHTe.
TEXHHKATA He NO3HAßA aócoJiioTeH noKoíí H B HAQA^OTO HA
BeKa Ha TexHHKaTa ce nosBHxa Ha. na3apa no-AOÓpH H30JiauH0HHH
JiaKOBe, NOJIYMEHH OT CT>X;IHBH MACHIA, ECTECTBEHH CMOJIH, AC(J)AJ:R
5

(KaTO TBT>pflH MaTepHa^H) H 6eH3HH-6eH30^0BT>r^ep0flH (KaTO pa3-
TBopHTe^iH H pa3peflHTe^H), noA O6IU,OTO noHHTne „MacrceHH JiaKOBe".
nOBJHIieHHTe H3HCKB3HH5Î, KOHTO p33BHTHeTO Ha TCXHHK3Ta 110-
CT3BH npe^ ôoÔHHHTe Ha ejieKTpHiecKHTe MauiHHH, aoBefloxa H
AO KAQECTBEHO NO-ßOÖPH H30^AUH0HHH ^AKOBE, KOHTO KOHCRPYKTO-
pHTe Ha e^eKTpH^ecKH MauiHHH npnexa c yaoBOflcTBHe KaTO
ycneuiHH HMnpierHauHOHHH cpeacTBa. Hó BCCKH Hánpefl-bK H3HCKB3
jia ce NPEOAO^EHT H3BCCTHH 3aTpy,HHe HHH.
H3HCKBaHHHTa, KOHTO TpaÓBame na 6-bAaT nocTaBeHH NPEA no-
TpeÓHTe;iHTe c orjiea Ha ycneuiHOTo H3noji3yBaHe Ha MacjiCHHTe
viaKOBe, CTaHaxa no-ro^eMH H n0-pa3H006pa3HH. 3anoHHaxa na ce
H3no^3yBaT cyiiiH^HH nemn 3a HCOÓXOAHMOTO AI>;I6OKO cyuieHe
H OT HarpynaHHH OIIHT NPOHSTE^E HEOÔXOFLHMOCTTA TEMNEPATYPHTE
Ha cyuieHe aa &b^aT peryjiHpaHH npe3 noaxoAsiiiH pery^auHOHHH
anapaTH cb06pa3H0 C npHHunriHTe, AOÖHTH OT OIIHT.
Gnefl TOBa HacrbiiH momcht^t,
KoraTO Mt;iqa;iHBo npneMaHHTe
HeflocTaT-bUH Ha ecTecTBeHHTe JISKOBH cypoBHHH 6axa npH3H3TH,
H AMEPHKAHEUTIT BAKE^AHFL (1907 —1908) AOKA3A CBC CBOETO OT-
KpHTHe1, qe Te3H HeaocTaTiUH MoraT fla öt^aT npeoaojieHH B no-
ro;iHMa HJiH no-Ma^Ka CTeneH caMO Hpe3 c-b3AaBaHeT0 Ha H3Ky-
CTBCHH CMOJIH.
HoBeK-bT noöeAH npHpo^aTa, HO TpsÓBaine .na IIO^IOJKH MHoro
ycH^HH 3a TOBa.
4pe3 oTKpHTHeTO Ha BaKeJiaHÄ ÓHXa c-bsaaaeHH H3KycTBeHH
c MOJÍ H cbc cbB-bpiiieHO HOBH KaMecTBa, MOK^y KOHTO TepMopeaK-
THBHOCTT3 HM B XOfla Ha eflHH XHMHMECKH npOUeC (K0HAeH3aUHH)
H3NT>KHA Ha npe^eH miaH KAIÍ> Hañ-HHTepecHOTO H Hafl-BajKHOTo
HB/ieHHe 3a noTpeÓHTe;iHTe Ha H30;iauH0HHHTe JiaKOBe.
TepMopeaKTHBHHTe H3KycTBeHtfCMo;iHH ^aKOBe 6axa npeB-bpHaTH
Hafl-Hanpe^ caMO qpe3 TOIMHHS OT TCHHO B TBT>PÄO, „Hepa3TBO-
pHMo" cbCTOHHHe (oöpaiyBaHe Ha jiaKOB (J)H^M). H3cyiueHHTe
(BTB"bpAeHH) Be^HTj/K nO T03H H3MHH H30 JI3IJH0 H H H JiaKOBe HE npo-
MEHHXA TOBA CH npeae^HO CbCTOHHHe H npH no-ceTHeuiHa BHCOKH
paôoTHa TeMnepaTypa.
CaMO TOBa Baxc¡fto KaieeTBO 6e jiocTaTt^HO, 3a aa ÄOBeae ÄO
pemasamo BaxteH oöpaT B oö^acTTa «a ejieKTp0H30JiauH0HHHTe Jia-
KOBE B no^3A HA H3KYCTBEHHTE CMOJIH, H TO ocoöeHO npa npoH3-
BOflCTBOTO Ha EJIEKTPHIECKH M3IIIHHH, TpaHCCjjOpMaTOpH H CHJIHO-
TOKOBH anapsTypw. rio-K-bCHo me ce cnpeM n0-n0Ap0¿H0 Ha TOBa.
Ho K3KTO BHHarH H TyK 6hXa HeOÔXOflHMH MHoro yCHÍIHH 3a nOCTH-
raHe Ha Te3H ycnexH.
1 Gb3aaTeji Ha H3KycTBeHaia cMOJia (4)eHo;i-(}>opMaj[flexHAHaTa)— ÖSKCAHTH.
EJ;I. pea.
6

OTHaqa.10 CMymaBaiiie HanoMHHiuaTa óoJiHHua MnpH3Ma ((JjeHOJi-
Kapöoji), KOHTO odane — He BHHarH 6e3 npoTHBeHe — c BpeMe 6e
npneTa.
Ho He óerne caMO mhph3M3T3 ; MHoro noBeqe CMymaBaxa OHe3H
n3HCKBaHHH, kohto nocT3BHX3 npeA noTpeÖHTe^HTe no OTHOiueHHe
Ha cna3BaHeTO Ha e^Ha onpeae/reHa TeMnepaiypa Ha cyiueHe — h
K3KTO ce ycTaHOBH MHoro cKopo — h Ha e^Ha onpe,ae.>ieHa KpHBa
Ha cyiueHe.
JJOKSTO eKcnJioarauHOHHHTe h3HCKB3hhh KT>m ejieKTpHMecKHTe
reHepaTopH h KOHcyMaTopH ce noBHiiiaBaxa (bhcokh hcctoth, bh-
cokh HanpejKeHHa), BaKyyMHHHT HMnperaauHOHeH mctoa H3B;ie3e
B HMnperHauHOHHaTa TexHHKa H np0H3B0flHTejiHTe Ha JiaKOBe,
K3KTO h XHMHUHTe, paôoTeiUH b T33H oô^acT, npeanpHexa ycneuiHH
OOHTH aa OTroBopHT Ha noBHLuaBaiuHTe ce h3hckb3hhh Mpe3 no-
CTOHHHH nOflOÓpeHHH B CypOBHHHHH H peijenTypHHH CbCTaB Ha
ejieKTp0H30i?iaiiH0HHHTe MaTepna^H h aa^oxa cboh npHHoc b o6yc-
jiOBeHHH OT pa3BHTHeTo nporpec.
H3HCKB3HHHT3 K"bM nOTpeÓHTeJIHTe Ha H30.ÍI3UH0HHH ;i3KOBe
Hen3Öe)KHO npoa'b.'iJKaBaxa jia ce noBHiuaBaT. Hobhtc, no-ÄOÖpH
J13KOBH CypOBMHH H nO^yMaBaHHTe OT TAX nOflOÔpeHH H30^aUH0HHH
JiaKOBe H3HCKB3T Cera CbOTBeTHH CbOp-biKeHHH, MeTOflH Ha npH-
ji0H<î.HHe H npaBHJiHO pa3ÔHpaHe Ha npeanncsHHTe OT np0H3B0flH-
TeJIH HeOÖXOÄHMH yK33aHHS.
Zio TOBa BpeMe H30Jiau,M0HHHTe ^aKOBe ce ctCToaxa h3uhjio
ot 503/o TB-bp^H MaTepHa.™ ot opraHHHeH npon3xoß h ot 50%
TeqHH MaTepHa^iH (pa3TBopHTe.™ H pa3pe^nTe^n).
Hanoc^e^tK 3Hawre;iHO tojiamoto Bene ceMeñcTBo Ha H30Jia-
UHOHHHTe jiaKOBe no^y^H CTpaHeH npwpacT npe3 KaTa;inTHqHO
BTBT^pAHBamHTe Ce H3J1KB3HH CMOvlH H JiaKOBe.1
TyK ee Kacae 3a MHoro BajKHH, cno,nyMJinBH npoflyKTH, kohto
3a pa3^HKa ot mocera no3H3THTe h cnoMeHaTH, ctAtpMcamH pa3-
TBOpHTe^IH H30/Ì3UH0HHH JiaKOBe, He CbÄtpm3T pa3TBOpHTP^H H
no T33H npniHHa H npH cymeHe npaKTHHecKH He noJiyiaBaT Ha-
Ma^eHHe h3 oôeMa ch, KaKtBTO 3a cb)KajieHHe e ' cJiynasiT npH
cbÄtp>KamHTe pa3TBopHTejiH JiaKOBe. CTpaHHO e, ho e TaKa :
Te3H KaTajIHTHHHO BTB-bpAHBaiUH Ce (CbXJIHBH) H3JIHB3HH CMOJIH H
H30JI3UH0HHH JiaKOBe H3C"bXB3T Óe3Vnpe<IHO H 33 Kp3TKO BpeMe,
AopH b ÄeöejiH nJi3CTOBe, Aawe 6e3 TonjiHHa —: caMO Hpe3 xhmh-
»leCKH K3T3JIH33TOpH. C TOBa ejlHa CTapa Me^Ta Ha KOHCTpyKTOpHTe
Ha ejieKTpmiecKH msuihhh ctshs AeifcTBHTejiHOCT. Ho c TOBa t33h
TeMa ome He e Hs^epnaHa.
1 Cmojih h JiaKOBe, kohto ce BTBipÄHBaT npeà ycKopmeJiH (KaTaJiK3aTopn).
Bea. peju
7

ripe3 1947/48 r. AO Hac eBponefiuHTe AOCRARHA OT CALLI,
CBOÔMEHHETO, qe OT Down Corning Corporation B CT/RPYAHHQE-
CTBO c General Electric Co e 6H.HO HanpaBeHO TOJIHMO OTKPHTHC
B oô^acTTa Ha H3KyCTBCHHTC CMO^H, KOCTO npeAH3BHKBa peBOJiro-
UHH B npHJIOJKeHHeTO Ha H30J1 aiJHOHHHTe JiaKOBe.
. Mnnaxa HAKOJIKO ROFLHHH NPE^H HHE AA MO)KCM qpe3 npaKra-
necKOTO HM NPH^O>KEHHE AA CH CB3AAAEM NPEACTABA 3A MHoro-
npenoptHBaHHTe KaqecTBa H KaqecTBeHH noKa3aTe™ Ha CHAHKOHO-
BHTe ^aKOBe.
ME^AYBPEMEHHO HHE MOWAXME AA ce yôeAHM B saôeJiejKHTeji-
HHTE KAQECTBA HA CH^HKOHOBHTC H30^AUH0HHH ;IAKOBE H MAKAP He
Te3H HOBH npoAyKTH y Hac ome He ca nonyjrapHH, Bee nan 3HaeM,
QE TYK C-BMECTBYBAT HENOA03HPAHH BTJSMOJKHOCTH 3A CB3AABAHETO
Ha CNOAYQJIHBH H3o;iaunH Ha ôoÔHHHTe B EJIEKTPHQECKHTE MSIUHHH,
TpaHC(J)0pMaT0pHTe H CHJiHOTOKÓBHTe anapaTypH Cera noHe HMH
H3ivieAH, qe B NO-Ó^H3KO UJM NO-FLA^EMHO 6-bAeme CHJIMKOHHTC C
TexHHTe noHTH HeorpaHHqeHH MOAH(})HKauHH cKopo me oB^a^eaT
oóJiacTTa Ha ejieKTp0H30;iauH0HHHTe JiaKOBe.
HE3ABHCHM0 OT UEHATA HA KAACNQECKHTE CHAHKOHOBH ;iatcoBe
(HM3 Beqe eBTHHH, MOAH^HUHpaHH, CBA"KP>KAMH CHFLHKOH H30^a-
U.HOHHH JIAKOBC) 3a CMETKA HA NPEAHMCTBATA Ha QNCTHTE CHJIH-
KOÌIOBH JIAKOBE ca HCOÔXOAHMH cpaBHHTe^HO BHCOKH TeMnepaTypH
HA cyuieHe H no-npoAtJi>KHTe./iHo BpeMe Ha cyuiefte. Ho HMa
MHoro CJiyqan (Hanp. TOIIJIHHHO MHO'O HaTOBapeHH MauiHHH),
K-B^ETO TE3H YCJIOBHH ca TB-BP^E HE3HAQHTE;IHH B CPABHEHHE
c KaqecTBeHHTe pe3yjrraTH H 3aT0Ba He HrpanT HHKaKBa pojiH.
H CH^HKOHOBHTe JiaKOBe npHTe)KaBaT TepMopeaKTHBHH Kaqe-
CTBa H 3aT0Ba H3HCKBaT aoópe OÓMHCJICH MeTOfl Ha npmio>KEHHE,
K3KTO H BCHqKH flpyrH TepMOpeaKTHBHH H3KyCTBeHH CMOJIH, 3KO
HCKaMe ycnex-bT, KT>M KOHTO
ce cTpeMHM, AA 6-bae no BT>3MO>K-
HOCT ntJieH.
AKO TOSH KpaTijK npeivieA npeAxowAa cjieABam0T0 H3A0>KeHHe,
TO TOBA 6e HANPABEHO NPEAH BCKHKO, 3a AA ce AOKA^E Heoô-
xoAHMoerra OT H3AaB3HeT0 Ha HacToamaTa ôpomy^a 3a noTpe-
ÓHTEJIHTE.
OT meAflaKa AO CBBPEMEHHHTE H30.iiaijH0HHH JiaKOBe 6e H3MH-
HaT fl-b^-br m>T H no TO3H rnvr 6e HaTpynaH onHT, KOHTO HHe
TpHÔBaïue Haft-Hanpefl fla ycBOHM, 3a AA MO>K6M AA nocrarHeM
»E^AHATA UEJI.
TO3H onHT NOKA3BA c-BBCEM HCHO, qe NO-AO6PH E^eKTpHqecKH
MauiHHH MoraT Aa ce H3pa6oTBaT caMO c no-Ao6pH H30AauH0HHH
MATEPHAJIH H qe HHB MOJKCM A a ce BT>3noji3yBaMe OT NPEAFLARAHHTE
npeAHMCTBa caMO ano qpe3 iio-3aAi>fl6oqeHO npoHHKBaHe B HHTe-
8

pecHaTa H BaKHa oónacr Ha MaTepwaJiHTe cb3fla,neM npeAnoeraB-
K3Ta 3a nijJieH ycnex b npaKTimecKOTO npnjiojKeHHe.
Flo npaBHJio HanpeflijK'bT e CBtp3aH c BpeMcro, ho TeMnoTo
¡Ha HauieTO BpeMe hh nocTaBH b ói^a nocjieaoBaTeJiHOCT npea
HOBH nOCTHJKeHHH BT>B BCHHKH OÖJiaCTH Ha TeXHHK3Ta H HOBeK"bT,
KOHTO CTOH ÓJIH30 fíO flefiCT