Всичко за английската фонетика (phonology)

English Phonetics
and Phonology
A practical course
Fourth edition
PETER ROACH
Emeritus Professor o f Phonetics
University o f Reading
11 CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Cambridge University Press
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© Cambridge University Press 2009
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions o f relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction o f any part may take place without the written
permission o f Cambridge University Press.
First published 1983
Fourth edition 2009
5th printing 2012
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by the MPG Books Group
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data
Roach, Peter (Peter John)
English phonetics and phonology: a practical course / Peter Roach. - 4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-521-71740-3 (pbk.) - ISBN 978-0-521-88882-0
1. English language - Phonetics. 2. English language - Phonology. 3. English language - Study
and teaching - Foreign speakers. I. Title.
PE1133.R55 2009
421'.5-dc22 2008052020
ISBN 978-0-521-71740-3 Paperback with Audio CDs (2)
ISBN 978-0-521-88882-0 Hardback with Audio CDs (2)
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy o f URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in
this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,
or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel
timetables and other factual information given in this work is correct at
the time o f first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee
the accuracy o f such information thereafter.

Contents
Preface to the fo u rth edition ix
List o f symbols x
C hart o f th e In tern atio n al Phonetic A lphabet xii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 How th e course is organised i
1.2 The English Phonetics and Phonology w ebsite 2
1.3 Phonemes and other aspects o f pronunciation 2
1.4 Accents and dialects 3
2 The production o f speech sounds 8
2.1 Articulators above th e larynx 8
2.2 Vowel and consonant 10
2.3 English short vowels 13
3 Long vow els, diphthongs and trip h th o n g s 1 6
3.1 English long vowels 1 6
3.2 Diphthongs 1 7
3.3 Triphthongs 18
4 Voicing and consonants 22
4.1 The larynx 22
4.2 Respiration and voicing 24
4.3 Plosives 26
4 .4 English plosives 26
4.5 Fortis and lenis 28
5 Phonem es and symbols 31
5.1 The phonem e 31
5.2 Symbols and transcription 3 3
5.3 Phonology 35

vi Contents
6 Fricatives and affricates 39
6.1 Production o f fricatives and affricates 39
6.2 The fricatives o f English 40
6.3 The affricates o f English 43
6 .4 Fortis consonants 44
7 Nasals and o th er consonants 46
7.1 Nasals 4 6
7.2 The consonant 1 48
7.3 The consonant r 49
7.4 The consonants j and w 5 0
8 The syllable 5 6
8.1 The nature o f th e syllable 5 6
8.2 The structure o f th e English syllable 5 7
8.3 Syllable division 6 0
9 Strong and w e a k syllables 64
9.1 Strong and w eak 64
9.2 The a vowel (“schwa”) 6 5
9.3 Close fro n t and close back vowels 6 6
9 .4 Syllabic consonants 6 8
10 Stress in sim ple w ords 73
10.1 The nature o f stress 73
10.2 Levels o f stress 74
10.3 Placement o f stress w ith in th e word 75
11 Com plex w ord stress 82
11.1 Complex words 82
11.2 Suffixes 83
11.3 Prefixes 85
11.4 Compound words 85
11.5 Variable stress 8 6
11.6 Word-class pairs 87
12 W eak form s 8 9

Contents v ii
Problems in phonemic analysis 97
13.1Affricates 9 7
13.2The English vowel system99
13-3Syllabic consonants 1 0 0
13-4Clusters o f s w ith plosives101
13-5Schwa (a) 101
13.6 Distinctive features 102
13-7Conclusion 103
14 Aspects o f connected speech 107
14.1 Rhythm 107
14.2 Assimilation n o
14.3 Elision 113
14.4 Linking 115
15 In to n atio n 1 119
15.1 Form and function in intonation 120
15.2 Tone and tone languages 121
15.3 Complex tones and pitch height 122
15.4 Some functions o f English tones 123
15.5 Tones on other words 126
16 In to n atio n 2 129
16.1 The tone-unit 129
16.2 The structure o f the tone-unit 130
16.3 Pitch possibilities in the simple tone-unit 133
17 In to n atio n 3 1 3 6
17.1 Fall—rise and rise—fall tones followed by a tail 136
17.2 High and low heads 138
17.3 Problems in analysing the form o f intonation 140
17.4 Autosegmental treatm ent o f intonation 143
18 Functions o f in to n atio n 1 146
18.1 The attitudinal function o f intonation 147
18.2 Expressing attitudes 150

viii Contents
19 Functions o f in to n atio n 2 153
19.1 The accentual function o f intonation 153
19.2 The gram m atical function o f intonation 154
19.3 The discourse function o f intonation 156
19.4 Conclusions 159
20 V arieties o f English pronunciation 161
20.1 The study o f variety 161
20.2 Geographical variation 162
20.3 O ther sources o f variation 165
Recorded exercises 169
Audio U nit i: Introduction 169
Audio U nit 2: English short vowels 170
Audio U nit 3: Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs 171
Audio U nit 4: Plosives 173
Audio U nit 5: Revision 176
Audio U nit 6: Fricatives and affricates 177
Audio U nit 7: Further consonants 179
Audio U nit 8: Consonant clusters 181
Audio U nit 9: W eak syllables 183
Audio U nit 10: Word stress 185
Audio U nit 11: Complex word stress
Audio U nit 12: W eak form s 188
Audio U nit 13: Revision 190
Audio U nit 14: Elisions and rhythm
Audio U nit 15: Tones 192
Audio U nit 16: The to n e-u n it 193
Audio U nit 17: Intonation 195
Audio U nit 18: Intonation: extracts from conversation 196
Audio U nit 19: Further practice on connected speech 197
Audio U nit 20: Transcription o f connected speech 198
187
191
Answers to w ritten exercises 200
Answers to recorded exercises 210
Recommendations f o r general reading
Bibliography 222
Index 227
2 1 9

Preface
In previous editions I have used the Preface as a place to thank all the people who have
helped me with the book. My debt to them, which in some cases dates back more than
twenty-five years, remains, and I have put copies of the Prefaces to the first three editions on
the new website of the book so that those acknowledgements are not lost and forgotten. In
this new edition, I would like firstly to thank Professor Nobuo Yuzawa of the Takasaki City
University of Economics for his wise suggestions and his meticulous and expert scrutiny of
the text, which have been invaluable to me. Any errors that remain are entirely my fault.
At Cambridge University Press, I would like to thank Jane Walsh, Jeanette Alfoldi, Liz
Driscoll, Anna Linthe, Clive Rumble and Brendan Wightman.
As in all previous editions, I want to thank my wife Helen for all her help and support.

List of symbols
1 Symbols for phonemes
Iasin ‘pit’ pit
easin ‘pet’ pet
aeasin‘pat’ paet
Aasin‘putt’ pAt
Das in ‘pot’ pot
uasin‘put’ put
oasin ‘about’, upper’
obaut, Apo
eiasin‘bay’ bei
aiasin ‘buy’ bai
01asin‘boy’ boi
ioasin‘peer’ pio
eoasin ‘pear’ peo
uoas in
O
8
C
Pasin ‘pea’ pii
tas in ‘toe’ tau
kas in ‘cap’ kaep
fasin ‘fat’ faet
eas in‘thing’ 0ir)
sasin‘sip’ sip
Jas in ‘ship’ Jip
has in ‘hat’ haet
mas in‘map’ maep
nas in ‘nap’ naep
0asin ‘hang’ haer)
tjas in‘chin’ tjin
i: as in ‘key’ ki:
a: as in ‘car’ ka:
01 as in ‘core’ ko:
u: as in ‘coo’ ku:
3: as in ‘cur’ k3i
au as in ‘go’ gsu
au as in ‘cow’ kau
b as in ‘bee’ bi:
d as in ‘doe’ dau
g as in ‘gap’ gaep
v as in ‘vat’ vast
d as in ‘this’ dis
z as in ‘zip’ zip
3 as in ‘measure’ me33
1 as in ‘led’ led
r as in ‘red’ red
j as in ‘yet’ jet
w as in ‘wet’ wet
d3 as in ‘gin’ d3in
x

List of symbols xi
2 Non-phonemic symbols
i as in ‘react’, ‘happy’ riaekt, haepi
u as in ‘to each’ tu i:tj
? (glottal stop)
h aspiration, as in ‘pin’ phin
, syllabic consonant, as in ‘button’ b A t n
shortened vowel, as in ‘miss’ m is
syllable division, as in ‘differ’ dif .3
3 Word stress
1 primary stress, as in ‘open’ 'aupsn
, secondary stress, as in ‘half time’ ,ha:f 'taim
4 Intonation
I tone-unit boundary
II pause
Tones: \ fall
/ rise
v fall-rise
a rise-fall
level
1 stressed syllable in head, high pitch, as in 'please \d o
, stressed syllable in head, low pitch, as in ,please \d o
stressed syllable in the tail, as in \ mv -turn
t extra pitch height, as in t\m y -turn

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)
CO NSON ANT S (PULMONIC) © 2005 IPA
Bilabial Labiodental DentalAlveolarPost alveolarRetroflex Palatal Velar j Uvular Pharyngeal 1 Glottal
Plosive
P b t d t clc Jk g qG ?
Nasal m n] n n J iq n
;
j
j
Trill B r R
[ j
Tap or Flap V r r
L
...........
Fricative
♦ p
f V6 5s zJ 3§ \9 ix Y %Kh ?h fi
| Lateral
j fricative 1 fe ! 1
j Approximant u j \ j
| Lateral
1 approximant 1 I
X L
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CO NSON ANT S (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS
Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives
O Bilabial
| D ental
| (P o st)a lv e o la r
^ P a lato alv eo lar
| | A lv e o la r late ral
6 Bilabial
cf D e n tal/alv eo lar
J- P ala ta l
C j ' V e la r
C j U vular
9
Exam ples:
„ J
T ) Bilabial
t D en tal/alv eo lar
k V elar
S A lv eo lar fricative
F ront C e n tr a l B a c k
OTHER SYMBOLS
AVV o iceless la b ial-v elar fricativeQ > A lveolo-palatai fricativ es
W V oiced lab ial-v elar ap p ro x im an tJ V o iced alv e o la r late ral flap
q
V oiced labial-palatal ap p ro x im an tfj S im u ltan eo u s J' an d X
H
c
V o iceless epiglotta! fricative
A ffricates a n d d o u b le articu latio n s
¥
?
V oiced e p ig lo ttal fric ative
Epiglottal p lo siv e
can be re p resen ted by tw o sy m bols
jo in e d by a tie bar if necessary.
0
DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. I ]
o
V oicelessn
o
d
0
Breathy vo icedba Denta l t d
V
V oiced s t C re a k y voicedb a A pical t d
..h
A sp iratedth dh L inguolabialt d
a
Lam inal U
} M ore ro unded 0
W
L abializedtw
d w
N asalized e
L ess ro u n d e d 0
J
P alatalizedVd>
n
N asal releasedn
+
A dvanced
V
Y
V e lari zedtY dv1
Lateral released1 i
R etractede
?
Pharyngeal izedt*ds N o a u d ib le releasedn
C en tralizede - V e larized o r pharyngealized
X X
M id -cen traiizede
X
R aised ?<:?
voiced a lv e o la r fricative)
.i.
S yllabicn
| T
L o w erede
T
voiced bilabial a p p ro x im an t)
N o n -sy llab ice
■i
A d v an ced T o n g u e Root
%
\
R h o ticity& ay
I ►
R e tracted T o n g u e Root
%
k
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
to the right represents a rounded vowel.
SUPRASEGMENTALS
I
Primary stress
, Secondary stress
.foona'tijsn
I Long Cl
T Half-long CT
W W
Extra-short C
| Minor (foot) group
| | Major (intonation) group
. Syllable break li.aekt
w Linking (absence o f a break)
T O N E S A N D W O R D A C C E N T S
C O N T O U R
V ' -
C o r A R isin g
e
e
e
e
/
\
L E V E L
o r "1
E xtra
high
e
e
X
e
v \
e
i
t
“ 1 High
~ j M id
- J L ow
J
Extra
tow
D ow nstep
U pstep
\j F allin g
S\ {lifh
j Low
rising
' i R ising-
• falling
G lo b al rise
G lobal fall
R e p roduced by k in d p erm issio n o f th e In tern atio n al P h o n etic A ssociation, D e p a rtm e n t o f T heoretical an d
A pplied Linguistics, School o f E nglish, A ristotle U niversity o f Thessaloniki, T hessaloniki 54124, Greece.

1 Introduction
You probably want to know what the purpose of this course is, and what you can expect
to learn from it. An important purpose of the course is to explain how English is pro­
nounced in the accent normally chosen as the standard for people learning the English
spoken in England. If this was the only thing the course did, a more suitable title would
have been “English Pronunciation”. However, at the comparatively advanced level at which
this course is aimed, it is usual to present this information in the context of a general
theory about sp