Методика на обучението по биология ( 1 ) - учебник за ВУЗ ( на руски )

 
 
       


 
      


 
          
    
      
!"
   # 
$ % 
 &    
            
            

     
            
        

 


    
      

       
       
 
      
 
 
 
          











!







"





    
          
    




!
$ '  ( ) ) * ( ' + , -


'.) /) , 0' $

 + /
          
  
  
    
    
         
      
 !     "    #


  $

  
!    
    
    
 %  &
 
'
(
%      
 


    
!
) *   #   "

       

     
      

  
    !  "  #


 $   
     
#12
 
 



+/
34 0
5
3670
38
9
673
:  ; 3  
0

;56
:
6&
<


  =

        =
      >
 ?
: 



      @
A
$ % 
 & =
;5
A

  9
 & 5 ; @
B5
C 0D=
)((,
A
),(
;

E F G H
I ' , % + % ' / I + % + . + I % I
+
    !  
        "  ,   #
   

     -    
!            
 !   .
  "    # 
     
      " 

   
 !     #
!       
"
 ! /   !     "  .
      
0     
      "  ,   #
 
   "  "  , /   
 !     # 
"      
1   .
        

          
        

         "      
  2    "


         
!            
 !     "    # 
   "    #
                .
  "     
     "        
 !     # 
                
   "      .
  #

1                      
    0    #

   
       
 ! /  .
 "

       
3  #
        "
            2
" "
4  -  
!   
        "   
   

 #           

        
         "
  "  0    #
 "           
!
$' ( ) ) *( ' + , -


'.)/),0'$
"#  $% &
' #
('  )
)$ )   * )
*+**,-

(' $,*&#
."
/& ')01

#
*2"('
$-+3
*2*+

+(
*#$ *)
2" +$ ' $)
( 2"4 *)
5
 "
(6
7 
+

7"
%3
899:

5
;!"

*' #<
899:

=>?@
A:BC:DACCECAA
5
; 
(

*' #<
899:

*)4 
2 ) 
'"#5
67 $ 8

&$ )
5 8$ 7
"($


"3
5 8$3
9"*6*&8
 J     #    
         " 
          1           
   "    #
  0  
    .
 
       "  
 " #    

         
    
   "  #
 ! /   
 !   .
  "    # 
 
   # "  #    #
"
       
     -    #

  2       

 !     "    # 
"        
"
  !   
      
            "   .
   
   2   

 !     , 
F  
    "        
       
    -  .
, 
   
 
"  -    0  2
     "     
         
  !    
   .
    
G
  
"       "      
(         "       
 !     "        2

     
 !      "   
          
      
     #
"
     

     
; !     
!         #
 
            
  "  
        

      

                  "     
    # 2
 !     "    # 
  .
   "    
  "  2
    2
 !     "        2
   -      
   "   # , .
/  2
  /   #
      
"  !  
"
  "       
 
 2
        " 
H                

            
      "  

       .
  
    #   
 
"   2
    "   2
      # 2
          
 !     "  .
  # 
       # , 
    "     "  , /  
    
  !  

          .
  ,
  !    
        
   !  , 
          "  
       
 "   .
    #
     #  
    # 

  "     
3     
 !    #       " 
 !     "   "  , 
   ! 2       
     !   .
 

         
  "   
     -    #
       "  
!    /  2
    .
   
+
  0    
1   
    
   !  
   
        -  
  "   0   .
  "  "    ,
                         
       "  
        "

            2
"    " 
  1   
"
  !   
   
       "  
    .
 #
!       
"   ,   
         
* 4       
 !     #
!     .
   < 
7         !      
            2
   "         "

       .
  "
   -  
!   
     

                 

       .
   
     -    # 
      
 !     #
!        
     !   "  .
, /  
   "    ,
               2
     "
     # 
&  !   
    !  
 
    
 ! /  
      
 !     #
!       

 -  
!   
        "   
"
     " 
     #     
    "     " 
  

       "  

   "      
  !                    2
   #    
   .
   "    " 
       " 
    "  
        
            
    .
   
"
0     
  
       "  

    

1       
        

       2
  !   
         2
           

   - 
  
     .
  "  

"           
1      
"
          
 
      
 !  .
   #
!       

 
      
 !     #
1        

%I ' + '
J
   
 !"   
   #    


! 

! "    2 K
 J     
J
JJ
4
! #
!


J8
7"#

! #
!

 
 
J
4
! #
!
  
 !
 
LL
 
!"
#


! 
4       
 !     #
!       
        
     -    
 !     "  .
       
       
 
1   
      

            
  "     #

!            
       
0          
4       
       #
  .
  "     "    
   #

    
 ! /   
 !     "    #

"         # 

!         #
 
 ! /  2
  #
"   2
0       2
       "
    "  2
    .
        
    

   
        
      #
!        
   .
     "   
   !   
     
 !     #

"         # 
 " #      


       "    
      
* K       # < 
    '  &
+ 67 )
+ $ # 
:
 6 &

** 
2".* *
+6 ;
7)

 * 2     ) 1
+6*$ $  # 
*+ * )
<&$, #
2" ' ;
 
6    
G
1  
    
       "         
  #          
     " .
     #
 
       
  "  2
     

       2

# "     # 2 
6    

"   ,   
     #

2"'
      # 

    "   #
   
G
     


!-
      

%   "   #
      #
    
G
**$' 
    .
  
       "    #
      
 !     #
!       
# "  # ,   #
   .
  #

       
 !     # 
"         #

   "    #
  /  2  #
 

     
       
    
       
  
     
   # 
    
"  # "     #
      .
       
       
 !     #
!       
"
   # 2
  
       0   

  "   0     "  "    # 
  "  0    #
1       "     
       "  
  .
/  2  #
  
"     
           2 
"          
   "    2

!     .
     
       2
    "
 ! /    "  
;     #  
 
    " 
         
      
  0   
"  -    0  

    
   "  "  , /   
 !     # 
+
    
 
        
      
 !     #
!       
   
 ",

         
       #   ,
     -    

         
!       .
    
    

  !  
       
4       
"    !    "   
  .
         
     
      " 

   
 !     #
  #
 "       #

  /    #
     # 
 
!       

    # 
     #  
2
 
E

        
  #
      "    #
      
   "        #

     .
  #
       
-     
4       
 !     #
!       
  
 , !  #
    
      
 ! L   .
  "   
     
        "

# "      
      
  
  
+  # " .
    
2
 ! /  2
             
   "   #  

 ! L #     

    .
      
2
  !    

     "  "   
         "      
;    "   
        
     
  
   "    
# "  # ,   #
    

     

      # 
    
       #

   
"    -    #
   .
  
M"
"   
             2
     2
    -     
        " 

      " 
              
     

     " 
      " N 
(  , 

      
   - 
      #
     "     #

   "    #
     
   

   2 
 !      " 0  2

 "   
       #  
O    
   # /  
    
       
 !     #
!        
  -  
"

   
 ! /  2
            2
    

   
  1   
     #
   .
   
G
   !  #
 !     
2' ## & 1
 !     "