Българските въоръжени сили през Възраждането

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EbNTAPCKI4 BbOPb)KEHt4 C'ANV XV.XIX BEK
(Buaegexne)
Tos N rpyl e noc Bere H Ha Bbo pb)Ke Hwr e cttntA na n opo6eH rn 6un rap-
cKil Hapog. [4scneAeaHero o6xeau{a Llenilr nepiloA HarypcKoro BnaA[-
qecrBo (XV-XIX a.) ra pasrnexAa pa3nilvumre
Qopnau
Ha 6tnrapcxara
aol,tcxa npe3 Te3r4 noqru neTcTort/H roALlH14 0T l4cTopt4flTa ua Sunrapnr.
Cuqecrayea nil TaKbB Bbnpoc B Hauara ucropun? Moxe nta Aa ce
rbpcr4 6unrapcxa eoracxa roraBa, Koraro Hqrvta 6unrapcxa qtpxaea?
3auto sa roBa He ce roBopt4 Aopt4 t/ BbB BoeHHara t4cropl4fl Ha Stnra-
pua?
6unrapcxara eor4cxa npe3 nepiloqaXV-XIX BeK- eAHa MHoro Ba)KHa
TeMa, TeMa Ha 6rnrapcxoro ollensBaHe, ocraHana B cflHKa il Heil3Bec-
THa 3a ronFMa qacr oT HapoAa - ce Hy)KAae or nbnHo Ll3cJleABaHe, TR
cbAbpxa orpoMHa HaLliloHanHa m narphort4LlHa eHeprrn.
BnpHo e,
qe apMlanra e ilHcrtaryqile Ha AbpxaBara m Koraro nmncBa
EbpxaBaTa, AbpxaBHaTa opraHl43allt4fl, nilncBa u Ta3n ilHcTuryLlfifl.
Tan<a nu e o6aqe y Hac no BpeMe Ha po6creoro? He! lAsyuaeanxn
cu6utuata, MHoTo RBHo t4 Aeratanuo ce pa3Kpt4Ba nanoroo6pa3ilero or
opraHil3aq[oHnm Qoprrltu
Ha BbopbxeHa cilna Ha HapoAa npes ro314
nepuoA. OnpegeneHo rpn6ea Aa ce Kaxe, qe apMilff, Korro taMa 3a
3aAaqa HaLlroHanHoro oceo6oxAeHue Ha Stnraprn, 3a,qaqa 3a ocilry-
pffBaHe Ha Hall[oHarHara He3aBilct/Mocr Ha crpaHara, 6tnrapcxunr
Hapog e uMafl noqril npe3 BcrlLtKmre re3il roArHfi. Hapolur He ce e
npnMilpflBan c po6cxoro cta cbcronHlre, Bo,qilfl e crmxrvtHa voptaHw3n-
pana 6op6a, Ho nopa.qu MHoro o6eKrileHfi nprqilHil ceo6oAara cntoh
r43BooBa rBbpAe KbcHo. He riltorar,qa ce ilrHopilpar npilqilHilTe, Kot4To
AoBeAoxa Ao na.qaHero nog po6crao, Ht4To cilnara u Moqra na OcuaH-
cKaTa ilMnepilg 14 BCl4t{Kl4 Bl4AOBe nopflAKt4 t4 )KeCTOKOCTI4, KOtlTO Tfl
BbBex.q,a ryx. Tpn6aa Aa orqereM u pa3nuqHmre uHTepecil Ha eBpo-
netacxnre ct4nt4 or HaqanoTo Ao KpaF Ha cbu-lecrByBaHero Ha uMnepu-
ffTa, nhncara Ha ilcrt4HCKo ept4HcrBo ua 6anxaHcxilTe HapoAt4, penuru-
03Hara o6eupsaHocr Ao t43BotoBaHe Ha penilrho3Ha caMocroflTenHocr
h He3aBilcr4Mocr t4 Apyru. Pas6mpa ce, ilMa il HeMarKo cy6ercrmeHn
nprqilHla. Sop6ara o6aqe, Konro Hapo.qbr BoAt4 cbc cBon BbopbxeHa
cilfla, e AocroraHa Aa ce ropAeeM c HeF. Tyx uue HaMilpaMe pa3Bl4Tile
HaTaKTIKaTa il CTpaTerrflTa, nocneAoBaTenHocT B opraH143t4paHeTo Ha
BbopbxeHara cvna, Koero EoBe)K,qa cne! Oceo6o)KtreHuero npe3
1878 r. go 6rpso il3rpaxAaHe Ha pe,qoBHa 6unrapcra eotlcxa.

lA taxa He3aBncLlMo or roBa, qe He e ilMano 6unrapcxa AbpxaBa,
npe3 uenmn neptaog Ha nerBeKoBuoro po6creo 6unrapcxrflT Hapo,q e
ilMafl cBo14 BbopbxeHil 3aulrTHfiut4, cBofl Hapo.qHa eor4cxa B pa3nmqHil,
caoeo6pasHr opraHil3allroHH14 Qopur.
OcHoeHuqr npilHllmn, Bbpxy xoraro ce r3rpaxAar BbopbxeHilre
cunv, e npilHuilnbr Ha po6poeoflHocrra. Bcnxaxua ppyr npmHqrn e 6mn
HeBb3Mo)KeH or Haqafloro .qo Kpan Ha po6creoro. He 6rea Aa ce
sa6paer u roBa, qe eor4cxara B cpeAHoBeKoBilero He e cbu-lecrByBana
B AHeuJHr4fl Br4.q il opraHV3aqn+. BuoprNeuara cvna, ToBa e nilqHara
rBap,qilF Ha Llapere u orpnqilre Ha orgenHilre Qeoganr. Taxaea ilMeHHo
aoracxa ce cpeqa npr KoHcraHrrH il OpyNraH il no-KbcHo. lzl3eecrHo e
cbulo TaKa, L{e B oH3l4 nepiloA HapoAHocTTa ilrpae MaflKa pong -
rflaBHoro ca poAH14HCKilTe Bpb3KN, QeoganHure I BpeMeHHilre cbo314
Ha BoxgoBere nnn Bpax,qilre Mexgy rflx. 3aroea B nbpBLrre BeKoBe Ha
po6creoro qecro eor4cxara e cMeceHa - or 6rnrapu, cap6n, Bfiacn tA
Apyril. 3apo6euure 6anxaacxu Hapopr4 ce o6eAmHqBar oKono HRxor
Box! 14 Aer,lcrear 3aeAHo nporr4B o6u-lNs epar. [1ptr BcmqKil nonoxeHilF
o6aqe 3a.qaqara e 6una [3roHBaHe Ha nopo6urenfl v HallmoHaflHo
oceo6oN.qeHile.
PasHoo6pasilero Ha opraHh3aqmoHHr/Te
Qopur,r
e ronlMo. Te uorar
Aa ce cilcTeMaTu3mpaT no cne,qHils HaqilH:
-6onnw BbopbxeHil orpngil B apMfiilre HaEpyrr Hapogr4 3ayqacrile
sus eor4Hrre, Kor4ro re Bo.qffr cpeuy Typurr; 6unrapcKoro onbnqeHtae,
l-lupeara N Bropara 6unrapcxa nerve; xahpytv v xaupyuxu qeru il
Apyxr4 H14 ; peBonloLlr4oH H 14 BbcraHil qecK4 orpFAl4 14 Apyrn.
6bll l-ApcKt4 EO[4H t4 BbOPbXEHt4 OTPfl.qvr
B APM14I4TE HA,qPyrm HAPO,qm
Toea e HaN-Her3cneABaH ilrr Bbn poc or o6ulara reMa 3a 6unrapcxa-
ra eol4cxa no BpeMe Ha rypcKoro
po6crso. A raxaea BbopbxeHa cfina
Ha HapoAa e cb3AaBaHa BVHafu, KoraTo oT.qenHa cTpaHa ilnil rpyna
crpaHr (xoanmqrn) ca BooBanil cpeuyTypqun. HenocpegcrBeHo cneg
nopo6aanero roBa ca npe.qcraBrrenil Ha crapara QeoAanua apucroK-
paUilF cbc cBorre cBiln4, Kot4To ca rs6erHanr cup6ara Ha nopo6eHure
I ca ycnenil ,qa npeMlaHar Ha repilropr4ilre Ha cbcegHr gupxaem. [1o-
KbcHo eue eor4cxata ce BKfltoqBar ceflFH14, npe6Hr 3aHaffTqril u rbproB-
ur/, yr{urenn, neKapt4, cBeu-leHilLltr N Apyrm. Toea e eEHa ilcn4HcKa
HaLlroHanHa perynEpHa apMLlfl .
flpes qenmn XV eeK ByctAnvflra cfi Aa cnpar rypcKoro HaurecrBile B
Eepona ta.qa opraHil3ilpar KpbcroHocHm noxoAr4 cpeu]y OcrraaHcxara
munepmn YH rapve,Aecrpltn, BeHequn, [eHya, nancrBoro ca pa3q firanil
r Ha 6unrapilre.
ylssecrHo
e, qe B nepilo,qa 1402-141 3 r. e pe,qoBere Ha
o6e.quHesmre xptacrr/flHcKil Bflatrerefl il cpeu-ly rypcKilTe 3aBoeBarenil
yqacrBa cbc cBor/ 6ouan cr4n[ chHbr Ha B[.qilHcKt4F Bnageren [4gaH
Cpaqrurp - KoHcraHrru, npN3Har 3a qap (utuneparop) ua Stnrapun. B
eAHo nilcMo Ha yHrapcKr4F Kpan CNrnsrraynq or 1404 r. Ao 6ypryHAcKr4n
np[Ht-l Ounrn lll lo6ptt e sanilcaHo ,,N caM il3BecrHt4gr KoHcraHruH,
npocnaBeH ilMneparop Ha Stnrapmn, r Mrpuo, eor4eopa na BnaxuR,
KO]4TO Cbr.qo Ce BbpHaXa B flOHOTO Ha HaUe BenfiqeCTBO... MHOTOKpaTHO
Beqe cMeno Hanatraxa... o6nacrm raM, Kor4To Eocera ce BnaAeflT or
rypqilre, Karo cneqenuxa rpryruQ u no6eEa cpeu.ly HauilTe nporr4BH14-
l-lr4 h cnaBHil no.qB[3rl HaA cbulmre".l KoHcraHT[H e pa3nonarafl c
ronflMa apMmff. Toea ce Bil)KAa or nucMoro ua CNrusrrltyng, xotaro nuue,
qe Te ca ,,TonKoBa roAHr/.qa HanpeAHaT c Morbu.laTa cI BoeHHa cvna,la
Moxe cMeno Aa ce BrpBa", qe u{e yHmuoxar ,,BparoBeTe Ha KpbcTa".
lzlrueuuo c ra3il BoeHHa cilfla B Kpafl Ha 1408 r.KoncraHrmH 3aeAHo
cbc cBoq 6paroaveq Opyxnn, cfiH Ha nocneAHrfl 6unrapcxr,r uap 14eaH
UJruruaH, opraHm3ilpar BbcraHfie B ceBepo3ana,qHara qacr Ha Sunra-
pmr, oceo6ox,qaBar BuEUH m B npoAbnxeHile Ha HRKonKo ro,qtaHfi
rpaflbr 14 oKoflHocn4re My ca BbB Bna.qeHne (ynpaannaaHr) Ha 6unrap-
cKLrF KHn3 KoHcraHrrH. Toea e 3apa3nBaul npilMep 3a ocraHanure
1
flempoA, f/. Bucraxmero Ha KoHcranrraH ra Opyxraa -lAlAf1,9, 1969 r. c.210-211.

6unrapr, KorlTo BbcraBar B MHoro paraoHm Ha crpaHara xaro Magapa,
flpoaaprr, Araroc tA Apyru. Egea a 1413 r.rypqnre ycnflBar.qa noryrxar
BbcraHr4ero Ha KoHcraul,rH ra Opyxnn. [1pes l425r.CurueMyHAorHoBo
rpbrBa cpeuly rypllrre fi oBnagflBa Kpenocrfire Brgru r Opnxoeo.
Hapep c Hero ce cpaxaBar 6unrapr, opraHr3t4paHil il Bo.qeHil or
OpyxraH. KoucrauruH Beqe He e Mexgy xr4Bure.
Y Hac e no-go6pe il3BecreH noxo,qbr Ha Bna,qNcnae flreno - Bna.qmc-
nae Bapnexqnx. Bce c orfleA cn14paHe HaBnil3aHero Ha rypqure HaBbr-
pe e Eepona npea 1443 r. noncxo-yHrapcKlrrr Kpan BnaAilcnae lllflreno
r rpaHcunBaHcKl4flr eo14eoga flHou XyHrap:,rl (FH XyHragopa) c orpoM-
Ha apM r4R, o6e.qil Hs eau-la yH rapqm, nenn Uil,
qexil, Bnac ta, HeM Lllr tA
Apy tvi,
HaBflil3ar a 6unrapcxrre 3eMu. B rasil apMutff aKTilBHo ce BKnrcqBar I
rr/Inoro 6unrapm. fiuoLu XyHuagra B eAHo AoHeceHile e 3anrcan: ,,Hauara
gor4cxa
e no6pe,
qaKa HerbpneflilBo cpaxeHue il ce yBeflilqaBa exeA-
HeBHo c Suni-apr."2 3a roea cBilAerencrBar 14 rypcKr4
r43Tor{Hr4l-1r4.
Cnopeg,,i-a:;.;sar Ha cynraH Mypaa" flnoLu XyHNaAil npren eue eor4c-
Kara cn eANH npecpeu.lHafl ro KoHeH orprg or 6unrapr. Ton rn [3non-
3Ban Karo aBaHrapg B noxoAa."3 [lpes eruara Ha 1 443 r., Koraro
KpbcroHocHr4nr noxog Aocrura ao Co$rn, nprcbeAilHeBaHero Ha 6rn-
rapilre e oqe no-MacoBo. Cera Ha crpaHara ua o6eguHeHara apM14,
npeMilHaBat u 6unrapn, Kor4ro ca 6unu Ha cnyx6a B rypcKara apMile
xaro eoraHyqr.a 3a rflx nuue 6ypryHpcxrflr pLlllap .[uo na Spoxrep
orHoBo e,,l-aeaearbr".
Flpes eceHra ua 1444 r. sanoqBa BropLlnr noxoA ua Bnagucnae
9reno. MHoro 6anrapu or rpaA BmAUH ce npucbegilHeBar KbM apMrrra
14 yqacrBar B To314 KpbcroHoceH noxo.q. Heucrrrr pu uap Sexara M n fi ue,
qe raKaBa noMoul pt4LlapilTe nonyqaBar or 6unraprre no qenils nbr or
BvrAr,rH go BapHa. Eneac Cunanu l-lrxononanHr - 6enexur xyMaHtacr,
13npaqa nilcMoEo MtanaHcKr4fl xepllor, c Koero uycuo6qaaa: ,,Bcmqxm
npareHruil eE[HoEyrxHo rBbp.qnr, qe noflcK]4ffr Kpan 3aeEHo c KapAkr-
Hana Ha Ceerils Anren, r. e. HesaprHil, c MHoxecrBo yHrapllr4 14 c ou-le
noBeqe Bfiacil, 6unrapr fi pfreHta e HaBnff3bn qaK B PorrraHuq."s
2lAcropua
Ha Sunrapura, r.4, C., 1983 r., c. 110.
3
flar rau.
a
BoraHyqmre ca xopa, HaroBapeHta cbc cneuranHu 3agbflxeHrfl B cynraHcKr4r
o6op u no BpeMe Ha noxog e o6osa Ha apMrrra. Te nuaar no-caMocroflTeflHo
noroxeHue or o6[t<HoeeHara pat. Eunr noreHquaneH Mere)KeH cnora, rotoe
BuHaru.qa npr6erHe KbM BpeAilrencrBo 14 BbopbxeH14 Aer,rcrsuq cpeuy ocMaH-
cKara Bflacr. !'lua uHoro npilMepil B nogKpena Ha roBa.
5
lzlcroprR na Euarapnr, r. 4, C., 1983 r., c. 112-113.
C nonaoqra na 6unraprre ca oceo6ogeHu Kpenocrilre Kanuaxpa,
lanara, KaeapHa r Apyrfi.
flo epenae Ha ronnMara eot4Ha, KoffTo BoAflr Aacrpur, BeHellilq,
flonua la PycuacpeutyTypqmn (1683-'1699 r.), 6rnrapcxr orpegt4 npeMil-
HaBar.[yxaa I Aeracrear Ha crpaHara Ha Ascrprn. XapaxrepHo e, qe
BCflKa eol4Ha ua Typuun e cilrHan sa 6op6a il BcffKo nopaKeHue Ha
TypLlmn e Bb3KpecsBano HaAexgara 3a oceo6oNAeHfie Ha 6unrapure.
Yqacruero ua 6rnrapcrrtt6oilau orpsgr4 B re3h eotrHt4 ne e cruxrrano. B
noBeqeTo cnyqail ro e opraH[sr/paHo oT pa3nuqHn tanun BbTpelxHr4
rnr BbHr.rHt4 opraHr3aqilil u KoMtaTeru.Taxa HanpilMep npe3 nsroro Ha
1596 rogrHa B crpaHara e u3rpageHa tanua opraHil3aqhR, o6xaaHana
3HaqilrenHa L{acr or Ceeepna Sunrapun, a BeporrHo il qacr or lOxHa
Ernrapmn. Equn or HeraHure pbKoBoArlrenm - Topop EanuHa or rpaA
Huxonon - ntaue nilcMo Ha CnrNsuryng Earopr, B Koero ro Hapuqa,,Hau
qap" r/ ro Monl4 Aa il3npaTil noArorBeHil xopa Aa oKaKar noMotrl 3a
noAroroBKa Ha soytcxara B crpaHara. ,[eneraqms, B Konro yqacrBa n
SanmHa, opraHLr3ilpacpeua c aBcrpuhcxna fiMneparop a rp. [1para. Ha
pa3roBopr4re n p hcbcrBar rpaHc un BaHc Kt4fl r t4 Bfl a[,J Kr4fl T xpal. [21 Hre-
pecHo e nncMoro Ha mMneparop PyAonQ ll go rupHoecKrn apxt4enilc-
xon ,EuoHuc nhPanv, r3npareHo na
'l
3 naapr 1597 r. B nero rora nilue, qe
6unrapcrnre 3eMrl He ca orAaneqeHil or aecrpnracKilTe, or BnalxKilTe H
oT Te3il Ha CeAMIrpa,qcKilF KHf 3 ]4 3aTOBa e 3arprxeH ,,MeXAy CbCeAU-
Te Aa ce ycTaHoBl4 TaKbB cblo3 Ha opbx(r4fTa v Ha xopaTa, qe cnopetr
Hyx.qaTa u cnyqafl B3ar4MHo Aa ce noAnoMaraT Lr Aa BoAFT ycnelxHo
eor4xara npol4B epara."6 Toea nilcMo or rneAHa roqKa Ha AtannoMallil-
FTa e npm3HaBaHe Ha Sunrapun u 6unrapcKhre 3eMil He3aBficLlMo or
sapo6aanero ru or Typuns.To e AeKnapaLlilfi 3a cbBMecrHm Aeilcreils
cpeu-ly o6ulrq apar. I-'lpes cbu-lara roAmHa s CegnarrpaAcKo ce Qopnrr-
par eotacxoefi qacril or 6unrapr eMilrpaHrr 3a cMerKa Ha ilMneparopa.
3a roea cBil.qerencrBar HsKor4 AoKyMeHTut or KaHqenapvflTa Ha cautAfr
[Mneparop eue BueHa. B cneuransa ilHcrpyKqr/rr 3a pbKoBoAcrBo Ha
ilMneparopcKilre BoeHaqanHilUt4 e CegrurrpaAcKo or uara 1597r. HapeA
c Apyrfire yKa3aHilF ce Hapexga Ha eAilH or oQmqepure Aa 3anuue
,,oqe ABe xvnflELA nltuNe 6unrapil or raMo[xHilTe 3eM[".7 Toea ce
norBbpx.qaBa il B cBeAeHue or [1para c Eara 23 anpfin cbu.lara roArHa,
KbAero e 3anHcaHo, qe Ha eAilH or mMneparopcKLtre oQnqepr e Bb3no-
xeHo,qa ce 3aeMe c ,,Ha6upane ua 6unrapcxa eot4cxa". I-lpes ecenra Ha
cneABau.lara roAilHa, K