Българското общество - том 1 , авт. Р. Даскалов

\|unv Pizsitwk
MfWOL\]VZ^Z ZMeQ]^NZ
1878–1939
.- 1
Yizntnvqn. Zj‚nz{kw.
V|t{|yi

^ipq svqli z{ivi }is{
jtilwmiynvqn vi xwuw‚{i
vi
`wvmiq† „Ltnszivmƒy }wv a|ujwt{“
Tv z{q {|{i pi isi mn uq€ vq
qp z tnm ki vq† k [yqvz{ƒv
q
Tvz{q{|{i pi Lsimnuq€vq qpztnmkivq† kƒk Niznviy
My gratitude to
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation,
the Institute of Advanced Study – Princeton
The Instutute of Advanced Study in Wassenaar
for providing me with a stimulating environment and support while
working on this book

\_XQY PL]VLWZN
MfWOL\]VZ^Z
ZMeQ]^NZ
1878–1939
.- 1
Pf\RLNL. [ZWT^TVL.
TVZYZXTVL
TV „O_^QYMQ\O“
]w}q†, 2005

© \|unv Pizsitwk, ik{wy, 2005
© Rnsw Ltnszqnk, ~|mwovqs, 2005
ISBN 954-9943-96-8 ({. 1)

Посвещавам тази книга
на моите родители-историци

]fPf\RLYTQ
^wu xƒykq
Pƒyoiki. [wtq{qsi. Tswvwuqsi.
77')*(&6+ (3-+:V fXQPYL]^\_V^_\YLT]^Z\T h
YLMfWOL\]VZ^ZZMeQ]^NZ / 11
#6I G$H76.Pf\RLNL, [\LNZ, [ZWT^TVL
8,&'& /70'&.P
f\RLNYZ_]^\ZU]^NZ : VZY]^T^_bT h, bQY^\LWYL
TXQ]^YLNWL]^
, cTYZNYTcQ]^NZ
Nynunvvw y|zsw |xyiktnvqn (uir 1877–ixyqt 1879)
^ƒyvwkzsi{i swvz{q{|q†
_z{ywrz{kw vi Tp{w€vi \|untq†
]|knynvq{n{ q yipmntnvqn vi ktiz{q{n xw swvz{q{|q†{i
Vwvz{q{|q† q ynitvwz{
bnv{yitnv imuqvqz{yi{qknv ixiyi{
Xnz{vw ziuw|xyiktnvqn
cqvwkvqq q €qvwkvq€nzsq kƒxywz
8,&'& '2.0&.[
\LNZT]fPQMYL]T]^QXL . SL^NZ\T
Yi€itvq†{ xnyqwm
\nnxq† vi lyiomivzsw xyikw
[qzivw q wjq€irvw xyikw
Yisipi{ntvw xyikw q zxnqitvq visipi{ntvq piswvq
]ƒmnjvi zqz{nui, vnzunv†nuwz{ vi zƒmqq{n
gyqmq€nzsw wjyipwkivqn q xyw}nzqwvitvw zmy|oikivn
Si{kwyq
8,&'& 20)2&.L
\XTh
Zylivqpiq† vi jƒtliyzsi{i iyuq†
Nwnvnv j…mon{ q pinuq pi kƒwyƒonvqn
]wqitnv z{i{|z vi w}qnyq{n
_€iz{qn vi iyuq†{i k xwtq{q€nzsq{n jwyjq

8,&'& 4)2 '70 2&. [ ZWT^T €Q]VL]T]^QXLT[ZWT^TVL
[wtq{q€nzsw{w yip kq {qn mw kwrvq {n
`wyuqyivn vi xiy {q q{n
Wq€vq†{ yn oqu
Tpjwyq
[iy{qpiv‚qvi q xw tq {q €nz si sw y|x q†
Yiqwvitvq†{ kƒx ywz q kƒv vi {i xw tq {q si
Nwrvq{n
8,&'& /) 2&. \
LSNT^TQYL[ZWT^T €Q]VL^L]T]^QXLXQRP_NZUYT^Q
\noquƒ{ vi MSY]
[wm pvisi vi ik{wyq{iyq{iyqpui
Vyq{qsi vi tqjnyitqpui. Lk{wyq{iyvq
q }i qz { sq qmnq
[iy{qq{n q my| lq xw tq {q €nz sq zq tq
ztnm kwrvq {n
Yiqwvitvwwzkwjwmq{ntvq{n wy li vq pi qq
q kƒv vi {i xw tq {q si
Xizwvz{kw{w
[wtq{q€nzsw vi zq tqn q zw q itnv swv {nsz{
#6I 7 FH6.TVZYZXTVL
8,&'& 5)12&. ]
QW]VZ]^Z[LY]^NZ , VZ Z[Q \L ^TN YZPNT RQ YTQ
Tp~wmvi{i zq {| iq†
\ipkq{qn{w vis yi{ sw
\ipxynmntnvqn vi xw pnu tn vi {i zwj z { kn vwz{
]qz{nuq vi qp xwt p ki vn vi pn u†{i q ynm|kivn vi s|t{|yq{n
Snunmntzsq qvknv{iy, il yw {n~ vq €nz sq unysq,
il yw vw uq €nz si zt|o ji
Snunmntzsq s|t {| yq
Rqkw{vwkƒmz{kw
Snunmntzsq qp vwz
[ywjtnuq vi vn yip kq {wz { {i
Vwwxnyi{qkvw mn tw
Vwwxnyiqq{n xynp kwrvq {n q ztnm {†~

8,&'& 1)(-&. T YP_]^\T h
_ximƒs vi pi vi†{q {n q yiv vi qv m|z { yq†
]xwyƒ{ „qvm|z{yq† qtq pnunmntqn“
Tvm|z{yqitnv xyw{nsqwvqpƒu
\np|t{i{q w{ vi zƒy €i ki vi {i qv m|z { yq†
Siswvƒ{ w{ 1936 l. q yn si xq {| ti q† vi xyw {ns q wvqp ui
Viy{ntq q }q viv zw kq ly| xq
8,&'& .1-&. N
fYdYL^f\OZNT h. V\Q PT^TNLW_^L .
]^Z [LY ] VTVZ YgY V ^_ \T
Nƒvvi {ƒy lw kq† q {ƒy lwk z si xw tq {q si
Vynmq{ q mƒy oik vq syn mq{ vq qv z {q {| qq
ciz{vq jiv sq q €|o mq si xq {i tq
Mƒtliyzsq†{ si xq {i tq pƒu
Lsqwvnyvw mn tw
Yi un zi vi mƒy oi ki {i q n{i{qpƒu
]{wxivzsq sw v…v s {| yq – qv {nl yit vw
8,&'& ()')2&.Z
MeQ]^NQYT`TYLY]T : MgPRQ^ , SLQXT , PLYfbT
\ip~wmnv j…mon{ vi mƒyoiki{i
\ip~wmnv j…mon{ vi v†swq knmwuz{ki
Zj‚nz{knvq{n }qvivzq ztnm kwrvq{n
Nƒvvq pinuq, mƒtlwkn
Nƒ{ynvq pinuq q wjwj‚nvqn
Pivƒ€vi{i zqz{nui q vnrvi{i nkwt…q†
Otikvq{n xynsq mivƒq
Ynxynsq mivƒq
Nunz{w pist…€nvqn
bq{qyivi tq{nyi{|yi

7d7:;9cB9aGB:
CdG :9H TWPaCWaPH BTWMPB H 6dE8PTCMWM
M6c:TW7M
E[UTRPiXbU Rj RUV TP iX Tc \X X\Pb WP fU[ TP ^Qma ]mb WP \X aj [P X XTU m bP ]P
_`UT [P SP ]P bP Z]XSP, ]UY]X bU _`UT _^ gX bP ]Xm X ^S`P]XgU]Xm. APY-^Q iP bP
\X P\QXfXm, ^b `P WU ]P R WPS[PRXUb^, U TP ^Q `X ac RP\ Z^] bc `X bU ]P UT ]P Xa -
b^ `Xm ]P Qj[ SP` a Z^ b^ ^Q iUa b R^ (X[X a^ fX P[ ]P Xab^`Xm) ^b BaR^Q^V TU ]XU -
b^ T^ 6b^`PbP aRU b^R ]P R^Y]P. EjiUabRcRPb `PW ]X \^ TU [X WP a^ fX P[ ]P Xa -
b^ `Xm. 6 _^-bU aU] a\X aj[ ]P gPa bXg ]P (aUZb^`]P) Xa b^ `Xm bm aU WP ]X \P RP
aja a^ fX P[ ]X ab`cZ bc `X X _`^fUaX, a `PW RX bX Ub^ ]P a^ fX P[ ]X Z[P aX X S`c -
_X, a bUe ]X bU TRX VU ]Xm X Z^] d [XZ bX X _`. >j\ ]Um _`X ]PT [U VPb _`^Q [U\ -
]X bU ^Q [Pa bX ]P `PW ]X _`^ dU aX ^]P[ ]X S`c_X, ]P aU \UYa b R^ b^ X _^ Z^ [U ]Xm -
bP, U\P] fX _P fX mbP ]P VU]XbU, a^ fX P[ ]P bP \^QX[]^ab, aR^ Q^T ]^ b^ R`U \U,
Z^ [UZ bXR ]X \U] bP[ ]^a bX X _`., ZP b^ a^ fX P[ ]P bP Xa b^ `Xm R b^ WX a\X aj[ U
bma ]^ aRj` WP ]P a XZ^ ]^ \X gUa ZP bP (X gUa b^ X] a bX bc fX ^]P [X WX `P ]P WP UT ]^ a
]Um). >[PaXgUaZ^ R bP WX ^Q [Pab U XW a [UT RP ]U b^ ]P P] S [XYa ZP bP `P Q^b ]X gU -
aZP Z[P aP ]P 9TcP`T F^\_aj].
1
8`cS bX_ U `PW `P Q^ bU ]P bP ^b ]U\ a ZX PR b^ `X (IP]a-G[`Xe 6U[U`, N` SU]
>^ZP X T`.) a _^ W^ RP RP ]U ]P @PZa 6UQU` \]^ S^ \U` ]P a^ fX P[ ]P Xab^`Xm, X[X
Xa b^ `Xm ]P ^Q iUa b R^ b^ (Gesellschaftsgeschichte).
2
EbPRP Tc \P WP \]^ S^ -
ab`P] gX R^ X „aX] bUW ]^“ ^Q e RP iP ]U ]P ^Q iUa b R^ b^ R ]m Z^[ Z^ S[PR ]X XW \U -
`U ]Xm – XZ^]^\XZP, ^QiUabR^, _^[XbXZP, Zc[bc`P, Zj\ Z^ Xb^ aU T^ QP Rm X
TU\^S`PdXmbP. C`X b^ RP fU] bj `jb U ^Q iUa b R^ b^ (R bma ]P R`jW ZP a XZ^]^ -
\X ZPbP), ^b Z^ Ub^ X\U] ]^ aU S[U TP R _U` a _UZ bX RP Zj\ T`c SX bU XW\U`U]Xm.
<TUmbP bcZ U, _j`R^, TP aU _^a bXS ]U UT ]P „a^ fX P[ ]^-Xa b^ `X gUa ZX ^`X U] bX -
`P ]P X] bU`_ `U bP fXm ]P ^Q iP bP Xab^`Xm“ (R Z^] b `Pab a ^QX gPY]P bP _^ [X bX -
gU a ZX ^`X U] bX `P ]P Xab^`Xm, Z^ mb^ \X ]P RP WP ^QiP), b.U. RjR RaXg ZX ^Q [Pa -
bX TP aU ^Qj` ]U a_U fX P[ ]^ R]X \P ]XU ]P a^ fX P[ ]Xm Pa_UZb, a^ fX P[ ]X bU ca -
[^ RXm X _^a[UTabRXm, aj i^ ]P a^ fX P[ ]^-XZ^ ]^ \X gUa ZX bU ^Qca[PRm]Xm. C`X
6M69:84L< 8G@<: 11
1
Thompson, Edward. The Making of the English Working Class. Harmondsworth, Penguin
Books, 1976.
2
;P _^-hX`^ZP bU^`UbXg]P ^Q^a]^RZP RV. aji^ Kocka, Jürgen.Sozialgeschichte. Begriff
– Entwicklung – Probleme. Göttingen, Vandenhöck & Ruprecht Verlag, 1986 (2. erweiterte Aufl.),
bes. 82–111, 132–176; Koselleck, Reinhart. Moderne Sozialgeschichte und historische Zeiten. –
In: Koselleck, Reinhart. Zeitschichten. Studien zur Historik. Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp Verlag,
2000, 317–335.9TX] \^]c\U]bP[U] ^_Xb WP _^T^Q]P Xab^`Xm ]P 7U`\P]Xm U ]PWehler, Hans-
Ulrich. Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte. München, C. H. Beck, 4 Bände.

125M?74DE>BFB B5L9EF6B, 1878–1939FB@1
b^ RP ]U aU bRj`TX, gU a^ fX P[ ]^-XZ^ ]^ \X gUa ZX mb \^ \U]b U S[P RU] X ^Qca [P -
Rmi X \P ZP` TP aU ^b gX bP S^ [m \^ b^ \c `U P[ ]^ RjWTUYabRXU, aU bj` amb RWP -
X\^ WP RX aX \^a bX X RWP X\ ]X R[X m]Xm \UV Tc `PW ]X bU dPZ b^ `X X XW\U`U]Xm.
6b^`^, a^ fX P[ ]P bP Xa b^ `Xm ^b b^ WX bX_ aU ab`U \X Zj\ XW RUa b ]P X] bUS `P fXm
(aX] bUW) ]P `PW [Xg ]X bU ^Q[PabX, ZP b^ b^ RP abP RP R ]m ZPZ RX ^Q iX bU ^`U bXg -
]X X ^Qma ]X bU[ ]X `P\ZX, ]P_ `X \U` Xa b^ `X gUa ZXm \P bU `X P[X Wj\ (_`X [P SP]
_^ ]U T^S \P bX gU] ]PgX]), bU ^`X mbP ]P „Tj[ SX bU Rj[]X“ _`X ab^ _P] a ZX bU Z^ -
]l] Zbc`X, `PW [Xg ]X bU ^`XX WP „\^TU`]XWPfXmbP“, WP ]P_ `UT RP i^ b^ „TXa fX -
_[X]X`P]U“ (@XhU[ HcZ^) X „Z^ [^ ]X WX `P ]U ]P VXW ]U ]Xm aRmb“ (N`SU]
IPQU`\Pa), X] bUS `P fXm _^T W]P ZP ]P „a^ fX P[ ]^ b^ ]U`PRU]abR^“, P \^ VU QX
X T`cSX. FUWX bU ^`U bXg ]X \^ TU [X aU aeRP iPb XTU P[ ]^ bX _X gUa ZX X SjR ZP R^ X
aU aj gU bP RPb a T^ _j[ ]X bU[ ]X ^Qma ]X bU[ ]X \^TU[X. F`Ub^, Xa b^ `X mbP ]P ^Q -
iUa b R^ b^ Z[^ ]X Zj\ ab`cZ bc `U] X _`^ fU ac P[U] ]P gX] ]P `PW S [UV TP ]U (WP
`PW [X ZP ^b Xa b^ `X mbP ]P RaUZXT]URXUb^), ZPZ R^ b^ X TP aU `PW QX `P _^T ab`cZ -
bc `P (R gPa b ]^ab X]abXbcfXX, WPZ^]X, _^R bP `m iX aU _`PZbXZX, aeU \X ]P `PW -
RX bXU X _`.), \P ZP` TP ]U aU ^b ZPW RP X ^b [Xg]^abX, TUYa b RXm X aj QX bXm. Bb -
[X gXbU[]^ WP ]Um U, gU aU ab`U \X TP aX a[c VX a ma]X, P ]U a P\^` d ]X bU^`XX,
_^]mbXm, eX _^ bU WX X \Ub^TX; _`X [P SP X ^Q iX aeU \X ]P XW[^ VU ]XU, QUW TP
_`U T^_ `U TU [m a b^ RP W]P gU ]X Ub^ ]P ^b TU[ ]X bU ^Q[PabX. <\U]]^ _^ ab`U \U -
VP Zj\ _^-maU] `UT X XW RUa b ]P bU ^`U bXg ]^ab bm _`U bU] TX `P TP aU `PW [X gP RP
^b _^-P\^` d ]P bP „fm [^a b ]P Xab^`Xm“ (histoire total) _^ d`U] a ZX \P]XU`.
6 aR^ mbP `P Q^ bP aj\ aU `j Z^ R^ TX[ ^b gPa bX ^b _^ T^Q ]P ^Q e RPb ]P Z^] -
fU_ fXm WP Xa b^ `Xm ]P ^QiUabR^b^, \P ZP` TP X\P `PW [X ZX R ]m Z^X bU \P bX ZX
(X ]P gX ]P ]P S`c _X `P ]U b^ X\) X ]PY-RU gU R a`PR ]X bU[ ]^ a[P QP bP X] bUS `P fXm
X „aX]bUW“ \UV Tc ^b TU[ ]X bU `PW S [UV TP ]X ^Q[PabX. 6 gPa b ]^ab RZ[l gU ]X bU
bcZ XW \U `U ]Xm aP _^ [X bX gUa Z^ b^ (Tj` VP RP X _`PR^, P`\Xm, _^ [X bX gUa ZP aX -
a bU\P) X XZ^ ]^ \X gUa Z^ b^ (aU[ a Z^ ab^_P]abR^, X]Tcab`Xm, Z`UTXb, ^Q iUa b -
RU ]X dX]P]aX), a^ fX P[ ]P bP adU `P (Zj\ Z^ mb^ aj\ _`X gXa [X[ a^ fX P[ ]P bP
ab`cZ bc`P, a^ fX P[ ]X bU a[^URU, ]m Z^X a^ fX P[ ]X Rj_`^aX, \UV Tc Z^ Xb^ X
VU] a Z^ b^ TRXVU]XU), Zc[ bc `P bP (^Q `P W^ RP ]XU X Zc[ bc` ]P _^[XbXZP, fj`ZRP,
_U gPb X _cQ[Xg]^ab) X TU \^S `P dX mbP X aRj` WP ]X bU a ]Um QU VP] a ZX X \P[ -
fX] a b RU ]X _`^Q[U\X. DPWS[UTP[ aj\ ^a RU] b^ RP ^Q [Pa bX ZP b^ WT`P RU ^_PW RP -
]U b^ (X aP ]X `P ]U b^ ]P VXW ]U ]P bP a`UTP), c` QP ]X WP fX mbP (X _`^ \U ]X bU ]P
aU[^) X Z^ \c ]X ZP fX XbU – RaXg ZX bU _^T W]P ZP ]P \^ TU` ]X WX `P iP bP _`^\m]P.
DPWS[UTP]XbU ^Q [Pa bX aP _`UT a bP RU ]X ZP b^ _P `P [U[ ]X Xab^`XX. C`X b`U -
bX `P ]U b^ ]P Ram ZP ^b TU[ ]P ^Q [Pab (]P_ `X \U` XZ^ ]^ \X ZP bP X[X _`PR^b^) \U
X] bU `U ac RPb a^ fX P[ ]X mb \^ \U]b X a^ fX P[ ]P bP `U[URP]b]^ab, ]P_ `X \U` RjW -
TUYa b RX Ub^ Rj` ec ^b TU[ ]X a^ fX P[ ]X a[^ URU X[X Rj` ec `PW RX bX Ub^ ]P ^Q -
iUa b R^ b^ ZP b^ fm[^. FPZP _`X _`UT a bP Rm ]U b^ ]P _`P R^ b^ XW bjZ RP\ a^ fX P[ -
]Xm Pa _UZb ]P _`X RXT ]^ gXa b^ d^` \P[ ]X bU WPZ^]X; _`X TP ]jg ]^ b^ ^Q [P SP -

]U – bU VUa b bP \c Rj` ec `PW [Xg ]X bU a^ fX P[ ]X a[^URU, X _`. 6 b^ WX a\X aj[
a^ fX P[ ]X mb X] bU `Ua _`^ ]XW RP fm [P bP `PQ^bP. AP \Ua bP X _^ RjW \^V ]^ab aU
^_Xb RP\ TP XWma ]m RWP X\^R `jW ZX X[X RjWTUYabRXm, ]P_ `X \U` \UV Tc ]P `Pa -
b RP ]U ]P ]P aU [U ]X Ub^ X XZ^ ]^ \X gUa Z^ `PWRXbXU, R^Y ]X X `PWRXbXU, R[X m]XU
]P dX ]P] a^ RX ^S `P ]X gU ]Xm Rj` ec _^ [X bX ZP bP X _`.
AmZ^[Z^ Tc \X _^ ab`cZ bc `P bP ]P `PQ^bPbP. C^ _`X] fX_ (a[UT RP] T^ ]m -
Zj TU ^b IP]a-G[`Xe 6U[U`) Xa b^ `X mbP ]P ^Q iUa b R^ b^ b`mQ RP TP WP _^g RP a
TU\^S`PdXm, TP _`U \X ]U Zj\ XZ^ ]^ \X gUa Z^ `PW RX bXU X ^Q iUa b R^ (b.U. a^ fX -
P[ ]X a[^ URU X dU ]^ \U ]X ]P a^ fX P[ ]^ b^ ]U`PRU]abR^), a[UT RP _^ [X bX gU aZP bP
adU `P X ]PZ `Pm XT RP `UT ]P Zc[ bc `P bP (^Q`PW^RP]XU, `U[XSXm, Z]XV ]X ]P X
S`PV TP] a ZX _[c`P[XWj\). C^T^Q]P ab`cZ bc `P XW `P Wm RP X _`U TXW RX ZP bU[ a b R^
Zj\ b`P TX fX ^] ]P bP _^ [X bX gUa ZP Xab^`Xm, Z^ mb^ bcZ U ^a bP RU ]P Z^\ _^ WX fX -
^] ]^ ]P _^-WP TU] _[P]. E[UT XW RUa b ]^ ^Q \Xa [m ]U `U hXe TP WP _^g ]P RaU _PZ
a Tj` VPR ]^_ `PR ]P bP X a _^ [X bX gUa ZP bP ^Q[Pab, a[UT RP ]X ^b XZ^ ]^ \X gUa ZP -
bP X a^fXP[]PbP, P TP ^a bP Rm TU \^S `P dX mbP WP _^-]P bP bjZ X TP Rj RU TP a ]Um
bU \P bX ZX ZP b^ WT`PR ]^ b^ TU [^ X c` QP ]X WP fX mbP (UT ]^R `U \U] ]^ \^ TU` ]X WP -
fX ^] ]X X ]PaU[U]gUaZX). Ba]^RP]XmbP \X aP, _j`R^, gU aP \Xmb `PW S [UV TP]
_U `X ^T WP _^g RP a ^a ]^ RP RP ]U b^ ]P ]^ RP bP Qj[ SP` a ZP Tj`VPRP, Z^ Ub^ QU [U VX
_^R `Pb ]P b^g ZP R Xa b^ `X gUa Z^ b^ `PW RX bXU ]P Qj[ SP` a ZXm ]P `^T, T^ Z^[ Z^ b^
_`UT a bPR [m RP X ^a R^ Q^V TU ]XU ^b gcV T^ S^a_^TabR^, X b^ a `PW [X gU] Zc[ bc` -
]^-fX RX [X WP fX ^]U] \^TU[. < Rb^`^, `U P[ ]^ Xa b^ `X gUa Z^ b^ aj^Q`P VU ]XU, gU
Tj` VP RP bP X _^ [X bX ZP bP c ]Pa, ZPZ b^ X R \]^ S^ XW b^g ]^ UR`^ _UY aZX ^Q iUa b -
RP (X R Z^] b `Pab a ]m Z^X WP _PT ]X ^QiUabRP), aP X\P [X ]U aj `PW \U` ]^ S^ [m \P
bU VUab a_`m \^ ^Q iUa b R^ b^ _`X ^d^` \m ]U b^ ]P XZ^ ]^ \X gUa ZX X a^ fX P[ ]X
_`^ fUaX, ]P Zc[ bc `P bP X T^ `X WP T`Pa bXg ]X TU \^S `Pd a ZX _`^ \U ]X (QUVP]fX,
\P[ fX]abRP) – RaXg Z^ b^ RP _^-aZ^ `^ WP W[^, ^b Z^[ Z^ b^ WP T^Q`^, ]^ dPZb. 6
^b TU[ ]P gPab aj\ ^Q^ a^ QX[