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The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History
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The Palgrave Atlas

of Byzantine History
John Haldon
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© John Haldon 2005
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First published in hardback 2005 and in paperback 2010 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
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Contents
List of Maps, Figures and Tables vi
Preface ix
A Note on Placenames x
1. General Maps 1
P
ART ONE: THE EARLY PERIOD (C. 4TH–7TH CENTURY)
2. Historical Development: from Rome to Byzantium 16
3. Cities, Provinces and Administration 33
4. The Church 48
P
ART TWO: THE MIDDLE PERIOD (C. 7TH–11TH CENTURY)
5. Historical Development: the Rise of the Medieval East Roman
World 57
6. Economy, Administration and Defence 68
7. Church and Monastic Organisation 90
8. The Empire in its International Context 97
P
ART THREE: THE LAT E R PERIOD (C. 11TH–15TH CENTURY)
9. Apogee and Collapse: the Waning of East Rome 115
10. Economy and Administration 128
11. Frontiers and Neighbours 141
12. Church and Monastery in the Later Byzantine World 158
Chronological Overview 167
Glossary of Byzantine and Technical Terms 170
Bibliography 173
Appendix 1: Rulers and Princes 176
Appendix 2: Patriarchs and Popes 180
Index 183

List of Maps, Figures and Tables
Maps
1.1 Asia Minor: physical geography 1
1.2 North Africa: physical geography 2
1.3 The Balkans: physical geography 4
1.4 Land-use and resources 5
1.5 Major population centres c. 500 CE 8
1.6 The Balkans: major population centres, 7th–12th centuries 9
1.7 Asia Minor: major population centres, 7th–12th centuries 10
1.8 Turkey in 1935: average population per square mile 10
1.9 The Balkans: major routes, 7th–12th centuries 11
1.10 Asia Minor: major routes, 7th–12th centuries 12
2.1 The Roman empire c. 400 CE 17
2.2 Migrations and invasions: Huns, Germans and Slavs 19
2.3 The west and the rise of the successor kingdoms 21
2.4 Confl ict, imperial expansion and warfare in the 6th century 23
2.5 Defence and strategy: late Roman structures 25
2.6 Imperial neighbours: the east 27
2.7 Imperial neighbours: Italy, the Slavs, the Balkans and the north
in 600 29
2.8 The rise of Islam and the beginnings of a ‘Byzantine’ empire 30
3.1 Imperial administration: Justinianic prefectures and provinces
c. 565 34
3.2 Cities of the eastern Roman empire in the 5th century 38
3.3 Constantinople: evolution of an imperial capital 40
3.4 Major cities of the 6th century 42
3.5 Movement of goods as evidenced by ceramics 45
3.6 Mints, c. 527–628/9 46
4.1 Politics, religion and heresy, 4th–5th centuries 49
4.2 Politics, religion and heresy, 5th–6th centuries 50
4.3 Ecclesiastical administration 52
4.4 Monasteries, pilgrims and holy places 53
5.1 The east Roman empire c. 650–717 58
5.2 The east Roman empire 632–1050: transformation and recovery 59
5.3 Territorial losses and gains: the empire c.1040 60
5.4 Territorial losses and gains: 7th–10th centuries 62
5.5 Territorial losses and gains: 11th–12th centuries 63
5.6 The diplomatic world of Byzantium c. 840 65
5.7 Church politics: heresy, schism and expansion c. 641–1060 66
6.1 Schematic map of the fi rst themata and the late Roman provinces
c. 660–740 69
6.2 Themata at the beginning of the reign of Leo III, 717 CE 70
6.3 Themata c. 920 71
6.4 Themata and ducates c.1050 72
6.5 Provinces associated on lead seals with general kommerkiarioi
and their warehouses, c. 660–732 74
6.6 Provinces/ports associated with imperial kommerkia from 730 75
6.7 Population movement c. 660–880 76
6.8 Major fortifi ed centres c. 700–1000 78
6.9 The Balkans: military bases 79
6.10 Development of the city of Pergamon in the late Roman and
Byzantine period 80

6.11 Late Roman and Byzantine Amorion in the 6th–9th centuries 81
6.12 Resources, industry and trade routes c. 900–1050 82
6.13 The revival of urban life: distribution of urban centres/bishoprics
in the empire c. 900 84
6.14 Imperial mints c. 640–1050 89
7.1 Church administration c. 1000 91
7.2 Major centres of monastic activity, 9th–11th centuries: the west 93
7.3 Major centres of monastic activity, 9th–11th centuries: the east 94
7.4 Constantinople, Rome and emperor: the 11th century 96
8.1 Byzantium in its wider cultural setting c. 1025 98
8.2 The empire of Charlemagne c. 814 99
8.3 Ottonian central Europe c. 911–1030 100
8.4 Italy in the later 9th and 10th centuries 101
8.5 The Islamic world c. 900–920 104
8.6 The Islamic world c. 1071–1100 106
8.7 Armenia, Georgia and Transcaucasia 550–1000 108
8.8 The eastern frontier c. 700–950 109
8.9 The steppes and the Rus’ c. 680–1000 110
9.1 The empire in context 1050–1204 116
9.2 The Crusades 1096–1204 117
9.3 The Fourth Crusade, the Latin empire and the empire of Nicaea 119
9.4 Recovery, civil war, contraction 1261–1351 121
9.5 Decline and fall 1350–1453 123
9.6 Competing states: Epiros, Thessaly and the Latin territories 125
9.7 The empire of Trebizond 126
10.1 Defence and administration: the Komnenian system 129
10.2 Provincial administration 1204–1453 131
10.3 Towns and local élites 1100–1453 136
10.4 Commerce, trade and production c. 1200–1400 138
11.1 Byzantine Italy and the Balkans c. 960–1180 142
11.2 (a) The Balkan states c. 1200 144
(b) The Balkan states c. 1220 144
(c) The Balkan states c. 1320 145
(d) The Balkan states c. 1350 145
11.3 Byzantium’s Balkan neighbours 1350–1453: Serbs, Bulgars
and Turks 147
11.4 Seljuks, Türkmens and Mongols 149
11.5 Venice, Genoa and the merchant empires 151
11.6 Armenia and Georgia c. 1000–1460 152
11.7 Russia and the steppes c. 1000–1453 154
11.8 (a) The Islamic Middle East c. 1100–1140 156
(b) The Islamic Middle East c. 1170–1180 156
(c) The Islamic Middle East c. 1230 156
(d) The Islamic Middle East c. 1355 156
(e) The Islamic Middle East c. 1401 156
(f) The Islamic Middle East c. 1430 156
12.1 Diocesan organisation c. 1070: the Notitiae 159
12.2 Monasteries and rules: the monasteries of Athos 161
12.3 (a) The Roman and Constantinopolitan churches c. 1025 162
(b) Rome and the fragmentation of the eastern orthodox church
c. 1220 163
(c) The dominance of Rome c. 1470 164
Figures
3.1 The imperial civil and fi scal administration c. 560 35
3.2 The imperial military and palatine administration c. 560 36

3.3 Comparative size of walled towns in the eastern Roman empire,
5th–7th centuries 43
3.4 The transformation in eastern towns 44
6.1 The imperial administration c. 700–1050 86
7.1 Church administration in the later 11th century 92
10.1 Central government and court 1081–1204 133
10.2 Central government and court 1204–1453 135
Tables
6.1 The money system c. 650–1050 88
10.1 The coinage system after the reform of Alexios I c. 1092–1204 139
10.2 The coinage system c. 1261–1350 139
10.3 The coinage system c. 1350–1453 139

Preface
This Historical Atlas is an attempt to represent graphically some of the major
developments in the history and evolution of the medieval eastern Roman or
Byzantine empire. It may be seen as both an introduction to the history of the
Byzantine empire in its own right and as an accompaniment to general histories of
the empire. It cannot, of course, illustrate all facets of the empire’s development,
and in particular it can say very little, without gross over-simplifi cation, about the
culture, beliefs and social or economic relationships and structures of the empire.
Nevertheless history books are all too rarely accompanied by useful and detailed
maps, and I hope that this short volume of maps with parallel explanatory texts
will at least put Byzantium more clearly in its geopolitical context and show how
its internal history is interlinked with and infl uenced by developments among
the peoples and political formations which surrounded it.
A word of caution is in order, however. The breadth of coverage of the Atlas
inevitably means that the maps are drawn to a relatively small scale. Absolute
exactitude in respect of the relationship between physical features and historical
or cultural features such as frontiers is not, in consequence, attainable. This
is especially true given the lack of precise information for, or the ambiguity
pertaining to, many such features. It is also the case that historians disagree among
themselves about such features, while the line of a particular treaty frontier, for
example, or the lines of provincial and state boundaries or frontiers must be
guessed from often very general information. Users should be aware of these
limitations from the beginning, and while I have tried to base all the maps on the
results of the most recent research, there will inevitably be disagreement about
the exact location of many features.
I have appended a brief time-line or chronology, a glossary of Byzantine
technical terms and a short bibliography, the last including the works from which
the information contained in the different maps is drawn and representing also
appropriate further reading.
I owe thanks in particular to my colleagues in the Centre for Byzantine,
Ottoman & Modern Greek Studies at the University of Birmingham, as well
as to Henry Buglass for his excellent cartography and to Graham Norrie for
much valuable help with technical matters, both of the Institute of Archaeology
& Antiquity at Birmingham. I am particularly indebted to my friend Meaghan
McEvoy, who found the time to act as a generous and invaluable commentator
on the texts, to Ruth Macrides and Dimiter Angelov, who also commented on
sections of the text, and in particular to Rosemary Morris, who went through
maps and texts and saved me from many a blunder. All of their views helped me
fashion the whole into a more useful form than it might otherwise have been.
Needless to say, any shortcomings are mine alone.
Finally, thanks are also due to the editorial team at Palgrave for their patience
and co-operation in producing this volume.

A Note on Placenames
In rendering placenames appropriately across time and across a cultural milieu
in which several languages were used, the historian is confronted by a number
of diffi culties. I have chosen to adopt in this atlas the simp