Стареенето - психологически особености

GZlZeby�:e_dkZg^jh\Z
ikboheh]bq_kdb�hkh[_ghklb
Khnby  2010
Mgb\_jkbl_lkdh�ba^Zl_ekl\h „K\. Debf_gl�Hojb^kdb"
KlZj__g_lh

6
Hkgh\gb�j_amelZlb�b�ij_ihjtdb�aZ�ijZdlbq_kdh- ikboheh]bq_kdZ
jZ[hlZ�aZ�ktojZgy\Zg_�b�ih^dj_iZ�gZ�ebqghklgZlZ�km[_dlghkl�gZ
ohjZ�\�gZij_^gZeZ
b�klZjq_kdZ�\tajZkl........................................................................ 115
<lhjZ�qZkl
Ktsghkl�b�ijhy\b�gZ�lj_\h`ghkllZ�\�gZij_^gZeZ
b�klZjq_kdZ�\tajZkl........................................................................ 124
Ijbjh^Z�gZ�lj_\h`ghkllZ....................................................... 124
Ijhy\b�gZ�lj_\h`ghkllZ.......................................................... 130
GZkhdb�aZ�bake_^\Zg_�gZ�lj_\h`ghkllZ....................................... 135
Lj_\h`ghkllZ�b�g_cghlh�bamqZ\Zg_�\�gZij_^gZeZ
b�klZjq_kdZ�\tajZkl........................................................................ 145
Ikboheh]bq_kdb�ij_^ihklZ\db�aZ�ihy\Z�gZ�lj_\h`ghkllZ......... 152
Lj_\h`ghkl�b�h[sm\Zg_................................................................ 156
FZkdb�gZ�lj_\h`ghkllZ................................................................. 167
BamqZ\Zg_�gZ�kjh^gb�gZ�lj_\h`ghkllZ�ikbobq_kdb�ktklhygby.. 172
Ktsghkl�b�hkh[_ghklb�gZ�Z]j_kbylZ�b�Z]j_kb\ghlh�ih\_^_gb_ ....
172
NZdlhjb�aZ�Z]j_kb\gh�ih\_^_gb_............................................ 177
Dhgp_ipbb�b�gZkhdb�gZ�bamqZ\Zg_�gZ�Z]j_kbylZ ................. 179
Ijh[e_ftl�njmkljZpby�\�ikboheh]bylZ ............................... 188
Jb]b^ghkllZ�\�ikboheh]bylZ.................................................. 193
Bake_^h\Zl_ekdb�f_lh^b�aZ�bamqZ\Zg_�gZ�lj_\h`ghkllZ�b�kjh^gb
ikbobq_kdb�ktklhygby�ijb�ohjZlZ�hl�gZij_^gZeZ
b�klZjq_kdZ�\tajZkl....................................................................... 196
H[h[s_gb�j_amelZlb ..................................................................
...................................200
Ij_ihjtdb�b�gZkhdb�aZ�khpbZegh�ikboheh]bq_kdZ�jZ[hlZ�ih
ij_h^hey\Zg_�gZ�lj_\h`ghkllZ�ijb�ohjZ�hl�gZij_^gZeZ
b�klZjq_kdZ�\tajZkl....................................................................... 204

7
Ijbeh`_gby.................................................................................. 213
Ebl_jZlmjZ................................................................................... 224
<k_db�`b\hl, ^h[j_�ij_`b\yg, _
^tet]�`b\hl.
E_hgZj^h�^Z�<bgqb
M\h^
Ih\br_gbyl� bake_^h\Zl_ekdb� bgl_j_k� dtf� klZjbl_� ohjZ� ^g_k� _
j_amelZl� gZ� hlghkbl_eghlh� bf� gZjZkl\Zg_� \
khpbZegh�^_fh]jZnkdZlZ� kljmdlmjZ� gZ� kt\j_f_gghlh� h[s_kl\h.
?\jhiZ�_�dhglbg_gl�k�gZc�aZklZjy\Zsh�gZk_e_gb_�b�k_�kfylZ, q_�dtf
2025 ]. hdheh 1/3 hl� gZk_e_gb_lh� c� s_� _� gZ^ 60 ]h^bgb� kihj_^
K\_lh\gZlZ� a^jZ\gZ� hj]ZgbaZpby. LZab� l_g^_gpby� _� ke_^kl\b_� hl
kljmdlmjZlZ� gZ� h[s_kl\hlh, l�_. gZfZey\Z� _kl_kl\_gbyl� ijbjZkl
�\taijhba\h^kl\hlh) gZ� gZk_e_gb_lh� b� bgl_gab\gh� gZjZkl\Z
ijh^te`bl_eghkllZ� gZ� `b\hlZ� gZ� A_fylZ. <kbqdh� lh\Z� ihklZ\y
j_^bpZ�\tijhkb, k\tjaZgb�k�dhgdj_lgh�^bZ]ghklbqgh�b�ijZdlbq_kdh
j_r_gb_�gZ�ijh[e_fZ�aZ�p_eh`b\hlgby�ijhp_k�b�^_cghkl�gZ�ohjZlZ
\�gZij_^gZeZ�b�klZjq_kdZ�\tajZkl.
P_ehkllZ� gZ� ebqghkllZ� gZ� klZjby� qh\_d� k_� ^te`b� gZ� aZ-
iZa\Zg_lh� gZ� kh[kl\_gby, ebq_g� gZqbg� gZ� `b\hl - aZdj_i\Zg_,
ktojZgy\Zg_�gZ�ebqghklghlh�_^bgkl\h�b�kt]eZkm\Zghkl, dhblh�lhc�_
ijb^h[be�\�]heyfZ�kl_i_g�\�k\hy�`b\hl.
KlZlbklbq_kdbl_� ^Zggb� ihdZa\Zl, q_� qbke_ghkllZ� gZ� gZk_-
e_gb_lh� \� gZij_^gZeZ� b� klZjq_kdZ� \tajZkl� s_� k_� m\_ebqZ\Z. <
Zf_jbdZgkdhlh� h[s_kl\h� gZijbf_j� lZab� \tajZklh\Z� ]jmiZ� hl
gZk_e_gb_lh�s_�k_�m^\hb�^h�djZy�gZ XXI \. Ijb�lh\Z�kftjlghkllZ�gZ
ohjZlZ� gZ^ 65 ]h^bgb, hkh[_gh� ijb� `_gbl_, agZqbl_egh� s_
gZfZey\Z�ij_a�ihke_^gbl_�]h^bgb. Kihj_^�ijh]ghabl_�gZ�HHG�ij_a

8
2050 ]. \�?\jhiZ�s_�bfZ�ih\_q_�hl 300 feg. `bl_eb�gZ^ 60 ]h^bgb.
Lhab� nZdl� ij_^iheZ]Z, q_� \kbqdb� gZmdb� b� ijhn_kbb, k\tjaZgb� k
n_ghf_gZ� gZ� klZj__g_lh, s_� ljy[\Z� ^Z� ^hijbg_kZl� aZ
ih\brZ\Zg_�gZ�dZq_kl\hlh�gZ�`b\hl�gZ�l_ab�fbebhgb�\tajZklgb�b�klZjb
`bl_eb. >g_k 22,5% hl�gZk_e_gb_lh�gZ�;te]Zjby�_�\�i_gkbhggZ�\tajZkl.
Kihj_^�K\_lh\gZlZ�a^jZ\gZ�hj]ZgbaZpby (WHO, 2004) jZa\blbl_�b
jZa\b\Zsbl_� k_� kljZgb� k_� hlgZkyl� hl� aZklZjy\Zsb (dt^_lh 7% hl
gZk_e_gb_lh�_�gZ�\tajZkl 65 ]h^bgb�b�ih\_q_)�dtfaZklZjyeb�h[s_kl\Z, \
dhblh 14% hl� ihimeZpbylZ� _� gZ 65-]h- ^brgZ� \tajZkl� beb� ih\_q_. <
jZa\blby�k\yl�\_q_�bfZ�kljZgb, \�dhblh 17-19% hl�gZk_e_gb_lh�_�gZ^ 65
]h^bgb. M\_ebqZ\Zg_lh� gZ� [jhy� gZ� \tajZklgbl_� ohjZ� _� _^gh� hl
gZc�]he_fbl_�ij_^ba\bdZl_ekl\Z, gZ�dh_lh�ljy[\Z�^Z�bfZl�]hlh\ghkl�aZ
Z^_d\ZlgZ� b� omfZggZ� j_Zdpby� a^jZ\gbl_� b� khpbZeghhkb]mjbl_egbl_
kbkl_fb�\�gZc�[ebadh�[t^_s_.
K\_lh\gZlZ� a^jZ\gZ� hj]ZgbaZpby� ^_l_jfbgbjZ� ljb� i_jbh^Z� gZ
]_jhglh]_g_aZlZ: gZij_^gZeZ�\tajZkl - 60-74 ]h^bgb; klZjq_kdZ�\tajZkl -
75-90 ]h^bgb�b�^ve]he_lgbpb - gZ^ 90 ]h^bgb.
�:dlb\ghlh� aZklZjy\Zg_", dZdlh� [_� ih^q_jlZgh� hl� K\_lh\gZlZ
a^jZ\gZ�hj]ZgbaZpby (2002), _�\k_h[o\Zlgh�b�\dexq\Z�\kbqdb�nZdlhjb,
dhblh� aZky]Zl� bg^b\b^bl_� gZ� jZaebqgZ� \tajZkl� gZ� gZk_e_gb_lh� b� kZ
k\tjaZgb�ktk�a^jZ\gbl_�bf�ijh[e_fb. GZijbf_j�\�jZfdbl_�gZ�Zdlb\gZlZ
\tajZkl�iheblbdb�b�ijh]jZfb�ijh\ta]eZkboZ, q_�ikbobq_kdhlh�a^jZ\_�b
khpbZegbl_� \jtadb� kZ� lhedh\Z� \Z`gb, q_� l_� fh]Zl� ^Z� ih^h[jyl
nbabq_kdby�klZlmk.
<� ?\jhi_ckdby� iZdl� aZ� ikbobq_kdh� a^jZ\_� b� [eZ]hihemqb_� k_
ih^q_jlZ\Z� g_h[oh^bfhkllZ� hl� ih\brZ\Zg_� gZ� Zdlb\ghlh� mqZklb_� gZ
\tajZklgbl_� ohjZ� \� h[s_kl\_gby� `b\hl, ih\brZ\Zg_� gZ� lyogZlZ
nbabq_kdZ� Zdlb\ghkl� b� h[jZah\Zl_egb� \tafh`ghklb. Baltd\Z� k_
hkb]mjy\Zg_lh� gZ� f_jdb� aZ� ih^h[jy\Zg_� gZ� ikbobq_kdhlh� a^jZ\_� gZ
\tajZklgbl_�b�klZjbl_�ohjZ.
<�j_^bpZ�^hdmf_glb�b�gZmqgb�nhjmfb�k_�baltd\Z, q_�ihl_gpbZetl�gZ
klZjbl_�ohjZ�_�fhsgZ�[ZaZ�aZ�[t^_sh�jZa\blb_, aZshlh�^Z\Z�\tafh`ghkl
gZ�h[s_kl\hlh�^Z�k_�^h\_jy\Z�\k_�ih\_q_�gZ�l_ogbl_�mf_gby, hibl�b�gZ

9
ft^jhkllZ�bf. Hkh[_gh�fyklh�aZ_fZl�ij_ihjtdbl_�aZ�\tafh`ghklbl_�b
f_oZgbafbl_� aZ� j_\blZebaZpby� b� j_oZ[beblZpby� ijb� lyo. ?kl_kl\_gh
\tajZklh\bl_�baf_g_gby�gZ�j_]j_kby�b�Zljhnby�\�pyehklgby�hj]Zgbatf
k_� ktijh\h`^Zl� hl� dhfi_gkZlhjgh� ijbkihkh[bl_egb� baf_g_gby� b� hl
mkt\tjr_gkl\Zg_�gZ�ih\_^_gb_lh�\tjom�hkgh\ZlZ�gZ�gZljmiZgby�hibl.
>_etl�gZ�klZjhkllZ�ij_^klZ\ey\Z 1/4 hl�bg^b\b^mZegby�`b\hl�gZ�qh\_dZ.
Ikboheh]bylZ�gZ�klZjhkllZ�b�klZj__g_lh�\�kjZ\g_gb_�k�^jm]b
i_jbh^b�gZ�_\hexpbhggZlZ�ikboheh]by�_�agZqbl_egh�ih- fZedh
jZajZ[hl_gZ. Lh\Z� _� k\tjaZgh� ij_^b� \kbqdh� k� h[klhyl_ekl\hlh, q_
ijh\_`^Zg_lh� gZ� _dki_jbf_glZegh�ikboheh]bq_kdb� bake_^\Zgby� gZ
ebpZlZ� hl� gZij_^gZeZ� b� klZjq_kdZ� \tajZkl� k� ihfhslZ� gZ� jZaebqgb
l_klh\_�_�aZljm^g_gh�ihjZ^b�ebikZlZ�gZ�^hklh\_jgb�^Zggb�aZ
\tajZklh\bl_� ghjfb� gZ� jZaebqgb� kljZgb� hl� ikbobq_kdZlZ� ^_cghkl� \
ih�dtkgbl_� i_jbh^b� gZ� jZa\blb_lh. G_h[oh^bfh� _� ^Z� ih^q_jlZ_f, q_
mihlj_[y\Zgbl_�l_klh\_�b�f_lh^bdb�kZ�jZajZ[hl_gb�aZ�bamqZ\Zg_�gZ�ebpZ
hl�ih�feZ^Z�\tajZkl�b�g_�kthl\_lkl\Zl�gZ�mklZgh\dbl_, bgl