Netter’s Physiology Flash Cards by Susan Mulroney, Adam Myers

Netter’s
Physiology Flash Cards
Susan E. Mulroney, PhD
Professor of Physiology & Biophysics
Director, Special Master’s Program
Georgetown University Medical Center
Adam K. Myers, PhD
Professor of Physiology & Biophysics
Associate Dean for Graduate Education
Georgetown University Medical Center
Illustrations by Frank H. Netter, MD
Contributing Illustrators
Carlos A.G. Machado, MD
John A. Craig
James A. Perkins, MS, MFA

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NETTER’S PHYSIOLOGY FLASH CARDS ISBN: 978-1-4160-4628-8
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Preface
Preface
A
s a naturally integrative fi eld of study, physiology cannot readily be learned
by simple memorization or repetitive study of lecture notes or texts. Most
students fi nd that the best understanding of this fi eld comes when multiple
learning modalities are utilized. While we recommend that students of physiol-
ogy start with a standard textbook such as Netter’s Essential Physiology, many
will fi nd that they desire additional learning materials. With this in mind, this
set of over 200 cards has been developed to be used in conjunction with
textbooks, lectures, and problem sets to cover topics in each of the major areas
of physiology: cell physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology,
respiratory physiology, renal physiology, gastrointestinal physiology, and
endocrinology. From the basic physiology and anatomy of these systems to
their complex, integrative processes, Netter’s Physiology Flash Cards provides a
visually rich platform for testing one’s knowledge of physiology and developing
a deeper understanding of physiological concepts. Medical students, allied
health students, and undergraduate students taking an advanced course in
human physiology will enhance their knowledge of physiology by working with
these cards.
www.cambodiamed.blogspot.com

Contents
Section 1 Cell Physiology and Fluid Homeostasis
Section 2 The Nervous System and Muscle
Section 3 Cardiovascular Physiology
Section 4 Respiratory Physiology
Section 5 Renal Physiology
Section 6 Gastrointestinal Physiology
Section 7 Endocrine Physiology
Appendix Key Equations

1-1 Membrane Proteins
1-2 Body Fluid Compartments
1-3 Measurement of Fluid Compartments
1-4 Starling Forces across the Capillary Wall
1-5 Fluid Balance
1-6 Cellular Transport I: Active Transport
1-7 Cellular Transport II: Gated Channels
1-8 Cellular Transport III: Solute Movement
1-9 Cellular Transport IV: Vesicular Transport
1-10 Cellular Transport V: Water Channels
1-11 Signal Transduction I: Ca
2
1-12 Signal Transduction II: G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
1-13 Signal Transduction III: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Pathway
1-14 Signal Transduction IV: Nuclear Protein Receptors
SECTION
1
Cell Physiology and Fluid Homeostasis

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Membrane Proteins
Membrane Proteins
1-1
1
2
3
4
The cell membrane is made of a lipid bilayer, with many different
proteins that regulate cell function and activity. Name the types
of proteins represented by numbers 1
–
4.
Integral
protein
Peripheral
proteins
Ion
Antibody
Ligand
Collagen
Cytoskeleton

1. Ion channels
2. Surface antigens
3. Receptors
4. Adhesion molecules
Comment: The amount and types of membrane proteins depend on
the cell and on regulatory factors that are subject to change, such as
immune status and hormone levels.
Membrane Proteins See Figure1.3
Membrane Proteins

Body Fluid Compartments 1-2
Capillary wall
Cell membrane
Body
weight
1 2
1–5. Name the body fluid compartments, based on relative volumes.
6. How much fluid would be associated with each compartment
in a 60 kg person?
3
4
5
Body Fluid Compartments

1. Total body water (TBW)
2. Intracellular fl uid (ICF)
3. Extracellular fl uid (ECF)
4. Interstitial fl uid (ISF)
5. Plasma volume (PV)
6. TBW is about 60% of body weight, so in a 60-kg person,
TBW 36 L
ICF is
2
⁄3 of TBW, or 24 L
ECF is
1
⁄3 of TBW, or 12 L
ISF is
3
⁄4 of ECF, or 9 L
PV is
1
⁄4 of ECF, or 3 L
Body Fluid Compartments
Body Fluid Compartments
See Figure 1.4

Measurement of Fluid Compartments 1-3
Measurement of Fluid Compartments
1 2 3
Plasma
volume
Indicator
1–3. Name the indicators that are used to measure plasma
volume (1), extracellular fluid volume (2), and total body water (3).
4. Give the formula used to calculate fluid compartment size by the
indicator-dilution method.
Interstitial
fluid
Intracellular
fluid (ICF)
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Total body water (TBW)

1. Evans blue dye is used to measure plasma volume.
2. Inulin is used to measure extracellular volume.
3. Antipyrine or tritiated water is used to measure total body water.
4. Compartment volume can be calculated by the formula:
Volume (L)
amo
unt of indicator injected (

m mg)
Final concentration of indicator (mg/L)
Measurement of Fluid Compartments
Measurement of Fluid Compartments
See page 12

Starling Forces across the Capillary Wall 1-4
Starling Forces across the Capillary Wall
Arteriole Capillary
1. Write the Starling equation for the pressures governing fluid
movement into and out of the capillary shown below.
2. Describe the effect on net filtration pressure of: an increase
in capillary hydrostatic pressure (P
c
) to 40 mm Hg or a
reduction in capillary oncotic pressure (
c
) to 20 mm Hg.
P
i = –3 mm Hg

i = 8 mm Hg
Venule
P
c = 30 mm Hg P
c = 10 mm Hg

c = 28 mm Hg

1. Net fi ltration pressure
[(forcing fl uid out)  (drawing fl uid in)]
(HP
c   i)  (HP i   c)
2. Increasing HP
c forces more fl uid out of the capillaries. This can
result in edema (pooling of fl uid in the interstitium). Reducing 
c
increases the net fi ltration pressure, increasing fl uid fl ux into the
interstitium.
Starling Forces across the Capillary Wall
Starling Forces across the Capillary Wall
See Figure 1.8

Intake
(~2.5 L/day)
Excess
fluid
?
Fluid
deficit
Fluid balance
Fluid balance is necessary for regulation of vascular volume.
Referring to the diagram:
1. Describe the effects of a decrease in fluid intake (from 2.5
to 1.5 liters/day) on urine output and thirst.
2. Describe the effects of an increase in fluid intake (from 2.5
to 3.5 liters/day) on urine output and thirst.
?
Beverages
Food
Oxidation
Output
(~2.5 L/day)
Urine
Sweat and
respiration
Excreted in
feces (0.1 L)
1.3 L
0.9 L
0.3 L
1.5 L
0.9 L
Fluid Balance 1-5
Fluid Balance

1. A reduction in fl uid intake results in dehydration, an imbalance that
tips the balance to the right (fl uid defi cit). Urine volume is greatly
reduced, and thirst is stimulated.
2. An increase in fl uid intake (without equal losses), tips the balance
to the left and results in signifi cantly increased urine output to
compensate. Thirst is not stimulated.
Fluid Balance
Fluid Balance
See Figure 1.10
Intake
(~2.5 L/day)
Excess
fluid
Increased
urine output
Fluid
deficit
Fluid balance
Increased
thirst
Beverages
Food
Oxidation
Output
(~2.5 L/day)
Urine
Sweat and
respiration
Excreted in
feces (0.1 L)
1.3 L
0.9 L
0.3 L
1.5 L
0.9 L

Cellular Transport I: Active Transport 1-6
Cellular Transport I: Active Transport




1. Name the type of cellular transport process depicted.
Give two examples of this type of transport.
2. What transporter is affected by the substance ouabain?
3. Define primary and secondary active transport.
ATP
ADP


1. Primary active transport. Major examples include Na

/K

-
ATPase, H

-ATPase, H

/K

- ATPase, and Ca
2
-ATPase.
2. Ouabain is an irreversible blocker of Na

/K

-ATPase. Ouabain
(also called digitalis) is a glycoside that is used to correct cardiac
arrhythmias and increase cardiac contractility.
3. Primary (1°) active transport is when the transport of ions across
a membrane requires a direct expenditure of energy (in the form of
ATP). Secondary (2°) active transport does not directly use en-
ergy (ATP) but instead takes advantage of the electrochemical gra-
dient established by 1° active transport.
Cellular Transport I: Active Transport See Figure 2.3
Cellular Transport I: Active Transport

Cellular Transport II: Gated Channels 1-7
Cellular Transport II: Gated Channels
A gated ion channel is depicted. Name two types
of gated channels, and the stimuli for gate opening.
Gate
open
Gate
closed

1. Ligand-gated channels open when a specifi c ligand (such as
acetylcholine) binds to its receptor.
2. Voltage-gated channels open in response to a change in mem-
brane voltage.
Comment: These channels are ion specifi c; the ions move down
their concentration or electrochemical gradients.
Cellular Transport II: Gated Channels
Cellular Transport II: Gated Channels
See Figure 2.2

1

Active
2K

3Na

2K

3Na

2K

3Na

XNa

1

Active
YNa

1

Active
Na

Multiple transporters and channels use active transport systems
to create a gradient for solute movement. Identify which of the
panels depicts a passive channel, a secondary (2

) active
symporter, and a 2

active antiporter.
1
2
3
ATP
ATP
ATP
Cellular Transport III: Solute Movement
1-8
Cellular Transport III: Solute Movement

1. 2° Active symporter
2. 2° Active antiporter
3. Passive channel
Comment: In the cells depicted, the 1° active Na

/K

-ATPase (also
called the sodium pump) maintains low intracellular sodium concen-
trations, creating an out-to-in gradient for sodium. This allows the 2°
active transport of other molecules ( X and Y in the fi gure) through
many different transporters.
Cellular Transport III: Solute Movement
Cellular Transport III: Solute Movement
See Figure 2.4

Cellular Transport IV: Vesicular Transport 1-9
Cellular Transport IV: Vesicular Transport
1
2
3
Transport of substances through the membrane can occur by
the formation and movement of lipid-membrane vesicles. Name
the types of vesicular transport represented in each panel.

1. Exocytosis involves fusion of the vesicle to the cell membrane for
extrusion of vesicle contents.
2. Endocytosis involves engulfi ng substances or particles from
the extracellular fl uid by the membrane, forming a vesicle within
the cell.
3. Transcytosis occurs in capillary and intestinal epithelial cells and,
using endocytosis and exocytosis, moves the material across the
cell membrane.
Comment: Vesicular membrane transport requires energy in the form
of ATP. This form of transport is especially important when the mate-
rial to be transported needs to be isolated from the intracellular envi-
ronment because of toxicity (e.g., iron, waste) or has the potential to
alter signal transduction systems (e.g., Ca
2
).
Cellular Transport IV: Vesicular Transport
Cellular Transport IV: Vesicular Transport
See Figure 2.5