8. <taijb_fZg_�gZ�j_qlZ.
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\taijb_fZg_�gZ�j_qlZ.
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_abdh\b�njZ]f_glb - ]eZ\gZ�hkh[_ghkl�gZ�\taijb_fZg_lh�gZ�j_qlZ.
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kfbkte, dh^bjZg�\�_abdZ) k_�ba\ebqZ (^_dh^bjZ) hl�_abdZ�b�^hklb]Z�^h�ikbobdZlZ�gZ�^jm]�qh\_d
�l�_. \taijb_fZ�k_�hl�g_]h).
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_abdh\bl_�_^bgbpb (nhg_fb�]jZn_fb; kjbqdb; ^mfb).
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8.2.2.1. Hkh[_ghklb�gZ�bake_^\Zg_lh�gZ�j_qlZ�hl�ikbohebg]\bklbdZlZ.
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^mfZ�b�g_cghlh�agZq_gb_.
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ihgylb_lh�hl�^mfZlZ, dhylh�]h�ihkhq\Z).
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hlghkbl_egh�aZ\tjr_g�_abdh\�njZ]f_gl (l_dkl).
**********************************************
8. <taijb_fZg_�gZ�j_qlZ.
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dh^; ba\ebqZg_lh�gZ�kfbkte�hl�_abdh\�njZ]f_gl (^mfZ; baj_q_gb_; l_dkl).
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b�ij_^iheh`_gby�aZ�ba\ebqZg_lh�gZ�kfbkte�hl�_abdh\ZlZ�fm�nhjfZ, dhblh�g_�kZ�qZkl�hl
obihl_abl_�aZ�ihjZ`^Zg_lh�gZ�j_qlZ.
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8.1.1. Ba^bj\Zg_lh�b�gZfbjZg_lh (ba\ebqZg_lh) gZ�kfbkte:
ktsghkl�gZ�ijhp_kZ�gZ�\taijb_fZg_�gZ�j_qlZ.
2
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ihy\Z�\�ikbobdZlZ�gZ�h[jZa�aZ�kfbkteZ (l�_. agZq_gbylZ) gZ�\taijb_fZgbl_�k�mrbl_�b
hqbl_�_abdh\b�dhgkljmdpbb. Lhab�f_oZgbatf�k_�gZjbqZ "hkfbke_ghkl" gZ�\taijbylb_lh
gZ�_abdZ. <bgZ]b�dh]Zlh�qh\_d�\taijb_fZ�p_e_gZkhq_gh�_abdh\b�njZ]f_glb, \�ikbobdZlZ
fm�k_�ihy\y\Z�ij_^iheZ]Z_fbyl�bf�kfbkte.
Ltjk_g_lh (b�gZfbjZg_lh; "ijbibk\Zg_lh") gZ�ij_^iheZ]Z_f�kfbkte�ijbktkl\Z
\bgZ]b�ijb�\taijb_fZg_�gZ�_abdZ, aZshlh�lh�_�p_elZ�gZ�\taijb_fZg_lh�gZ�_abdZ, ^hjb
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hq_\b^gh�klj_f_cdb�k_�^Z�bf�ijbibrZl�ihg_�gydZdt\�kfbkte:
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3
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forever
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